jagomart
digital resources
picture1_Leadership Pdf 162648 | Brunink Ba Mb


 170x       Filetype PDF       File size 1.22 MB       Source: essay.utwente.nl


File: Leadership Pdf 162648 | Brunink Ba Mb
rotating leadership the process within organizational improvisation author a m brunink university of twente p o box 217 7500ae enschede the netherlands abstract this research is about rotating leadership and ...

icon picture PDF Filetype PDF | Posted on 22 Jan 2023 | 2 years ago
Partial capture of text on file.
                                                                   
                              Rotating leadership: the process within 
                                        organizational improvisation 
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                       Author: A.M. Brunink 
                                                         University of Twente 
                                                  P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede 
                                                          The Netherlands 
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                    ABSTRACT:  This  research  is  about  rotating  leadership  and  the  process  within 
                    organizational improvisation. Where, for example, directive leadership has one central 
                    leader, this leader is absent in rotating leadership. With help from the unorthodox and 
                    relatively new research method theatrical simulation, the process of rotating leadership 
                    within new product development teams is visualized. The results are the conclusions that 
                    the beginning moments of the creative process are very important. In this first part, most 
                    of the ideas were presented and also the informal leader raises. This in contrast to the 
                    expected situation of equality within rotating leadership. In most of the cases the informal 
                    leader was not explicitly chosen but stands up with the support by his own personality. 
                     
                     
                     
                    Supervisors:           K. Visscher                                                    
                                           M. Ehrenhard                                                   
                                           G. van Bilsen 
                     
                     
                     
                    Keywords 
                    Leadership,  rotating  leadership,  organizational  improvisation,  new  product  development  teams  and  theatrical 
                    simulation. 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee 
                    provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and 
                    the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires 
                                                  th                                    th
                    prior specific permission and/or a fee. 4  IBA Bachelor Thesis Conference, November 6 , 2014, Enschede, The 
                    Netherlands. Copyright 2014, University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance. 
                                                                                                               1 
                     
                1.  INTRODUCTION                                                           ‘being the leader’ is shifting from one to another and how this 
                For organizations it is, nowadays, very important to adapt  to             process is organized. 
                and capitalize on a rapidly changing environment (Crossan et               To  find  this  out,  theatrical  simulation  is  used  as  research 
                al., 1996). Besides this fast reaction on unexpected change, it is         method. Within this research deeper investigation of rotating 
                for  organizations  important  to  innovate  in  order  to  survive        leadership gets a central role. Where earlier research was more 
                (Amabile, 1998). Over the last years improvisation has received            focused on organizational improvisation (Moorman & Miller; 
                recognition as a strategic competence. A strategic competence              Akgün et  al.,  2007)  and  on  leadership  within  organizational 
                that  helps  today’s  organizations’  requirements  for  change,           improvisation  (Pina  e  Cunha,  2003;  Van  Bilsen,  2010),  this 
                adaptability,   responsiveness  to  the  environment,  loose               research is focused on the process of rotating leadership within 
                boundaries  and  minimal  hierarchy  (Hatch,  1996).  Where                organizational  improvisation.  How  does  rotating  leadership 
                planning becomes impractical, the ability to lead improvisation            work? What are arguments for changing the leadership role? 
                is critical (Vera & Rodriguez-Lopez, 2007).                                1.3  Research method 
                1.1  Organizational improvisation                                          In the research of Van Bilsen (2010), an unorthodox research 
                Early  research  into  the  topic  of  improvisation  was  mainly          method  called  theatrical  simulation  was  used.  Theatrical 
                focused on Indian and Jazz music (Zack, 2000) and the theatre              simulation  is  an  innovative  method  where  situations  from 
                (Vera & Crossan, 2004). These researches were focused on the               reality  are  simulated.  Wagenaar  (2008)  described  in  her 
                outcome on stage and the process. Moorman & Miner (1998),                  research that simulation has a focus on ‘what could be’ in an 
                Pina  e  Cunha  (1999)  and  Akgün  et  al.  (2007)  focused  their        abstract world. 
                researches on organizational improvisation as a specific subject.          Van Bilsen used theatrical simulation to show the differences 
                Where earlier research was focused on music and theater, the               for  three   different   leadership    styles  in   organizational 
                focus is nowadays more on organizations and their traditional              improvisation. For every leadership style about ten scenes were 
                business goals. Examples for these  goals are  efficiency, cost            developed. For every single one of these scenes, the actors got 
                reduction and new product development (Moorman & Miner,                    an assignment.  
                1998;     Eisenhardt    &     Tabrizi,    1995).    Organizational 
                improvisation can be defined as:                                           Two of the conclusions from Van Bilsen’s research (2010) are 
                                                                                           that rotating leadership solves the paradox between control and 
                “The conception  of  action  as  it  unfolds,  by  an  organization        freedom as mentioned in Pina e Cunha et al. (2003) and that 
                and/or its members, drawing on available material, cognitive,              rotating leadership is suitable for organizational improvisation 
                affective and social resources” (Pina e Cunha et al., 1999, p.             (Van  Bilsen,  2010).  In  this  research  the  process  of  rotating 
                302).                                                                      leadership  in  combination  with  organizational  improvisation 
                Within the research into organizational improvisation also the             will be deeper investigated. 
                paradox  between  freedom  and  control  obtained  a  more                 1.4  Research questions 
                significant role (Pina e Cunha et al., 2003). The main problem             In order to elaborate this thesis in a systematic way, one main 
                related to this paradox is that leaders want to control and want           research and three sub questions were stated. The main focus 
                (or  have)  to  give  a  certain  amount  of  freedom  to  their           for  this  research  is  on  rotating  leadership  and  how  this 
                employees. Some examples of control can be controlling the                 leadership style is organized during the innovative processes of 
                outcomes (final products) or taking care for an efficient way of           new  product  development  teams  within  organizational 
                working. On the other way, there is also need for freedom. For             improvisation. The main research question for this research is: 
                example,  to  motivate  employees  to  come  up  with  their  own 
                ideas and work them out.                                                   ‘How and why does rotating leadership in NPD teams work 
                Employees want on the one hand freedom to do what is ‘good’                during the process of organizational improvisation?’ 
                in their opinion. But on the other hand they want to have some             The reason that organizational improvisation  was selected, is 
                control  about  the  process  and  the  other  employees.  So  this        because  of  the  earlier  mentioned  growing  importance  of  fast 
                paradox is relevant for both employees and leaders.                        reactions  on  environmental  change  (Crossan  et  al.,  1996). 
                The  relationship  between  different  leadership  styles  and             Working with new product development (NPD) teams is a good 
                improvisation was topic of earlier research (Pina e Cunha et al.,          reaction  on  this.  These  teams  are  especially  focused  on  new 
                2003;  Van  Bilsen,  2010).  These  researches  concluded  that            product development (Koen et al., 2001). Also other forms of 
                servant leadership and rotating leadership are leadership styles           new product development teams can be used. For example new 
                where organizational improvisation can have some benefits. In              product development teams which take care for the complete 
                contrast to servant and rotating leadership, directive leadership          process   of   bringing    a   new  product  to  the  market 
                is  supposed to have a negative influence on the outcomes of               (Sivasubramaniam et al., 2012).  
                organizational improvisation.                                              The research goal for this research is to analyze how rotating 
                                                                                           leadership  is  organized  in  organizational  improvisation.  The 
                1.2  Research goal                                                         following three sub question will help to reach this goal, the 
                The goal for this research is to analyze how rotating leadership           first one is: 
                is   organized  in  organizational  improvisation.  Rotating                    -    What is rotating leadership? 
                leadership is a leadership style where leadership is not only one          Within this sub question the concept of rotating leadership will 
                person’s  responsibility.  Instead  of  this,  leadership  is  the         be  elaborated.  Also  how  rotating  leadership  is  used  in  new 
                responsibility  of  the  whole  group  (Pearce  et  al.,  2010).           product  development  teams  and  organizational  improvisation 
                Therefore  rotating  leadership  is  a  bit  difficult  to  use  in        will be discussed. 
                organizations. For example the question ‘who is responsible for 
                failures?’ is more difficult to answer. Also the implementation                 -    How  is  rotating  leadership  distributed  during 
                has to be good in order to prevent a situation without any form                      organizational improvisation? 
                of leadership. Interesting is to analyze how and why the role of 
                                                                                                                                                             2 
                 
                Within  this  question,  the  focus  is  on  the  way  the  rotating        Lopez, 2007). After all, leaders help the organizations and also 
                leadership role shifts from one to the other during the process of          help  new  product  development  teams  to  set  goals,  shaping 
                organizational  improvisation.  Two  different  kinds  of  figures          teams  and  select  workforce  (Denehy,  2008).  Furthermore 
                will be used. This to make a clear overview of the shifts within            leadership is important to solve the paradox between freedom 
                the scenes.                                                                 and control (Pina e Cunha et al., 2003). Later on more will be 
                      -    Why does leadership  change  during  the  process  of            reported on this.  
                           organizational improvisation?                                    In  the  literature  on  organizational  improvisation,  different 
                Within this question  the  focus  will  be  on  the  question  ‘why         researchers  (Pina  e  Cunha,  2003;  Bastien  &  Hostager,  1988; 
                leadership  does  change?’.  The  last  two  questions  will  be            Van Bilsen, 2010) found that there are two leadership styles that 
                answered with help from the scenes as made by Van Bilsen                    have a positive effect on organizational improvisation. These 
                (2010).                                                                     two  leadership  styles  are  servant  leadership  and  rotating 
                1.5  Structure                                                              leadership.  
                The structure for this paper is as follows: after this introduction,        Servant leadership is a leadership style which is known as a 
                the  theoretical  framework  of  this  research  will  be  presented.       people-centered  leadership  style  (Clegg  et  al.,  2007).  In  the 
                This framework will consist out of a description of the terms               servant leadership style the ideal of service is embedded in the 
                leadership  and  rotating  leadership.  The  third  part  will  be  a       follower-leader relationships. In contrast to directive leadership, 
                chapter about methodology. Here the way the research will be                leaders are more focused on the human part (Greenleaf, 1977) 
                elaborated is explained. After the methodology part, the data for           than on the organizational objectives (Graham, 1991). In short, 
                this research will be showed. The next part will be the analysis            servant leadership is a style in which leaders should be servants 
                part. Here the data will be analyzed. After this a conclusion will          first and leaders second (Greenleaf, 1970). Rotating leadership 
                be drawn and a discussion will be presented.                                will be discussed later. 
                                                                                            Like written before, not every leadership style fits into the ideas 
                2.  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK                                                   of  organizational  improvisation  (Pina  e  Cunha,  2003;  Van 
                This research is about the process of rotating leadership within            Bilsen,  2010).  For  organizational  improvisation  a  leadership 
                organizational improvisation. For this theoretical framework the            style  where  the  leader  is  able  to  make  a  synthesis  among 
                term  ‘leadership’  will  be  discussed  first.  After  this  the  term     apparently conflicting or dissonant styles and procedures, while 
                ‘rotating leadership’ will be discussed.                                    allowing individual discretion for goal attainment is important 
                2.1  Leadership                                                             (Pina e Cunha, 2003). 
                In the literature about leadership, a great number of definitions           In  servant  and  rotating  leadership  the  common  characteristic 
                for  the  term  ‘leadership’  were  introduced.  Within  these              can be found in the fact that the leader gives the  employees 
                definitions a distinction can be made between a more traditional            freedom  and  space  to  work  out  their  own  ideas.  This  in 
                and a more modernized view.                                                 contradiction to directive leadership, here the leader takes the 
                                                                                            decisions himself without interventions of other people (Pina e 
                2.1.1  Traditional vs. modern view                                          Cunha,  2003).  In  summary,  leadership  is  important  for  the 
                Where  traditional  leadership  makes  a  simple  distinction               relation  between  the  organization  and  the  amount  of 
                between those who are the leader and those who are not, the                 improvisation  within  the  boundaries  of  the  organization.  Not 
                modern  view  of  leadership  does  not  make  this  simple                 every leadership style solves the paradox between control and 
                distinction.  For  this  research  the  following  definition  for          freedom. Therefore not every leadership style offers the same 
                traditional leadership will be selected:                                    amount of control and freedom. 
                “Leadership  is  about  one  person  (the  leader)  getting  other          2.2  Rotating leadership 
                people (the followers) to do something” (Kort, 2008, p. 1).                 Rotating leadership is a leadership style whereby leadership is 
                In  contrast  to  traditional  leadership,  nowadays  we  can               distributed  among  team  members  rather  than  focused  on  a 
                distinguish more and modernized leadership styles. Examples                 single  leader  (Carson  et  al.,  2007).  Rotating  leadership  is 
                are  rotating  leadership,  servant  leadership,  improvisational           comparable  to  distributed  leadership  and  shared  leadership. 
                leadership  (Pina  e  Cunha  et  al.,  2003)  and  democratic               Where the leader of a directive leadership style has a strong and 
                leadership (Gastil, 1994). Within these leadership styles, it is            formal position, this formal and strong position of the leader is 
                more difficult to make a simple distinction as made before. For             absent  within  rotating  leadership.  In  other  words,  rotating 
                example,  within  rotating  leadership  the  leader  role  is               leadership  is  characterized  by  equality  (Pina  e  Cunha  et  al, 
                continuously subject to change. For this research the following             2003).  This  means  that  every  member  of  a  new  product 
                definition for those ‘modern’ leadership styles was selected:               development  team  has  the  same  rights  and  is  on  the  same 
                                                                                            hierarchical level. 
                “Leadership is an interaction between two or more members of                There are  many components and factors involved in rotating 
                a group that often involves a structuring or restructuring of the           leadership.  The  research  of  Carson  et  al.  (2007)  reports  the 
                situation  and  the  perceptions  and  expectations  of  the                following  on  this:  “shared  leadership  is  facilitated  by  an 
                members…  Leadership  occurs  when  one  group  member                      overall  team  environment  that  consists  of  three  dimensions: 
                modifies the motivation of competencies of others in the group.             shared purpose, social support and voice” (Carson et al., 2007, 
                Any  member  of  the  group  can  exhibit  some  amount  of                 p. 1222).  
                leadership” (Bass, 1990, p. 19-20). 
                More about the definition of rotating leadership for this research          Within  rotating  leadership  an  overall  team  environment  is 
                can be found in chapter 2.2.                                                important.  The  team  environment  consists  out of  three  parts. 
                2.1.2  Leadership and organizational improvisation                          The first one is ‘having a shared purpose’. This can be a shared 
                In  order  to  implement  organizational  improvisation  in  an             assignment or a shared profit target. Second is ‘social support’. 
                efficient way, it is important to keep in mind that leadership is           This  is  the  support  team  members  give  each  other  after 
                important for organizational improvisation (Vera & Rodriguez-               dropping a good idea. The last one is voice.  
                                                                                                                                                               3 
                 
                 Carson et  al.  (2007)  defined  it  as  the  degree  to  which  team       leader also has consequences for the work that is delivered. No 
                 members have input into how the team carries out its purpose.               leader means less or worse teamwork (Van Bilsen, 2010). In 
                 Wood  (2005)  suggested  in  his  research  the  following                  case of (hardly) no or bad leadership, all the team members ‘o 
                 characteristics of rotating leadership: decentralized interaction,          back’ to their own expertise and do not take any responsibilities 
                 collective  task  completion,  reciprocal  support  and  skill              for issues out of his expertise (Van Bilsen, 2010). 
                 development. Decentralized interaction is interaction between               2.2.3  Rotating leadership and NPD teams 
                 two (or more) employees without intervention of a leader or                 Rotating leadership is one of the leadership styles in which the 
                 supervisor.  Collective  task  completion  is  the  willingness  to         control vs. freedom paradox is solved (Pina e Cunha, 2003). By 
                 work together and to accomplish the common task. The third                  solving  this  paradox,  the  idea  of  a  central  leader  is  rejected. 
                 characteristic is reciprocal support. This is the support that the          Instead of this central leader, the team members have to accept 
                 team members provide to each other’s problems and ideas. The                that at one moment the member can be the leader or at another 
                 fourth  and  last  one  is  skill  development,  this  is  the  personal    moment the member can be the follower (Clegg et al., 2002).  
                 development of the team member during the process.                          One of the core characteristics of rotating leadership is adapting 
                 Where Wood’s research (2005) focused on rotating leadership 
                 in  management  teams,  the  research  of  Davis  and  Eisenhardt           to and building on each other’s ideas. In the research of Van 
                 (2011)  focuses  on  rotating  leadership  and  (collaborative)             Bilsen (2010), a combination between rotating leadership and 
                 innovation.    Davis    and    Eisenhardt     distinguished     three       new  product  development  teams  showed  more  teamwork 
                 components of innovation within rotating leadership. The first              between  the  team  members.  This  mainly  because  of  the 
                                                                                             collective task completion and reciprocal support (Wood, 2005) 
                 of  these  three  components  is  ‘alternating  decision  control           and the second component: ‘zig-zagging objectives to develop 
                 between partners to access their complementary capabilities’.               deep  and  broad  innovation  search  trajectories’  of  Davis  and 
                 This means that the members of a team will lead the team when               Eisenhardt (2011). These components make (more) teamwork 
                 their specific capability is asked. The second component is ‘zig-           necessary  in  order  to  accomplish  the  assignments  they  got. 
                 zagging objectives to develop deep and broad innovation search              Besides  this  bigger  amount  of  teamwork,  Van  Bilsen  (2010) 
                 trajectories’.  This  means  that  the  team  has  different  goals.        also found that the solved paradox also brings a more positive 
                 These goals are continuously changing and these are deep and                attitude during team work.  
                 broad trajectories to reach the goals.  The third component is              Another important point is the disadvantage mentioned before. 
                 ‘fluctuating network cascades to mobilize diverse participants              The  risk  of  having  no  leader  within  rotating  leadership  is 
                 over time’. This means that every team member contributes to                relatively  big.  This  is  because  of  the  fact  that  the  feeling  of 
                 the project and can also use networks to contribute to the final            equality is bigger than in a directive leadership style. As said 
                 products (Davis and Eisenhardt, 2011).                                      before: when every team member treats each other as equals, 
                 2.2.1  Control vs. Freedom paradox                                          there  is  a  change  that  nobody  takes  the  leadership.  Without 
                 A paradox is “the simultaneous presence of contradictory, even              leadership, less teamwork is observable (Van Bilsen, 2010). A 
                 mutually exclusive elements”(Cameron & Quinn, 1988, p. 2).                  situation without leadership may arise from the lack of expertise 
                 One  of  the  most  famous  paradoxes  in  the  literature  about           on a certain field.  
                 leadership  is  the  paradox  between  control  and  freedom.  This         2.2.4  Rotating leadership and organizational 
                 paradox can be seen in two perspectives: the manager and the                improvisation 
                 employee.                                                                   Following Pina e Cunha (2003), the stimulation of improvised 
                 The  manager  wants  to  control  the  employees  and  the  final           behaviors  has  been  mainly  related  to  two  elements:  minimal 
                 products. On the other hand leaders want input from employees.              structures and experimental cultures. Minimal structures are the 
                 For  example  own  ideas  (Clegg  et  al.,  2002).  The  employee           set  of  controls  employed to accomplish the synthesis of high 
                 wants to have some room for own ideas and input but on the                  levels of autonomy and control (Bastien and Hostager, 1988). 
                 other hand also wants to control the process at sometimes. For              Minimal  structures  are  based  upon  a  social  component. 
                 example  when  his  or  her  special  expertise  is  asked.  Pina  e        Examples for this social component are behavioral norms and 
                 Cunha (2003) found that rotating leadership is a leadership style           communicative codes. Second part is the technical component. 
                 which solves the paradox between freedom and control. Van                   Examples for this component are skills, knowledge and techno-
                 Bilsen (2010) also found this and reported the following on this:           structural conditions (Bastien and Hostager, 1988). 
                 “Hypothesis  2a  (Rotating  leadership  is  able  to  solve  the            The second element are the experimental cultures. This is the  
                 paradox between freedom and control) can also be confirmed,                 culture  which  promote action and learning by doing (Weick, 
                 although  because  for  different  reasons.  Rotating  leadership           1995).  So  these  experimental  cultures  tolerate  errors  and 
                 gives the entire team the possibility to exercise control over the          failures in innovations (Craig and Hart, 1992). On the one hand 
                 process, and gives the team members the freedom to put in new               serves rotating leadership the need for minimal structures. The 
                 ideas  and  build  on  those  of  others.  The  synthesis  made  in         team members are relatively free of control and have freedom 
                 rotating  leadership  is  that  multiple  roles  of  a  leader  can  be     to make most of the decisions themselves. On the other hand, 
                 fulfilled simultaneously by different team members. This is only            within rotating leadership action is promoted. An example is 
                 possible  if  team  member  are  able  and  willing  to  take  and          that every team member is encouraged to put in ideas in order 
                 release the leadership role that a process needs.” (Van Bilsen,             to  make it possible for other team members to build on this 
                 2010, p. 47)                                                                ideas.   So,    these   two  components  are  important  for 
                 2.2.2  Risk of rotating leadership                                          implementing improvisation within rotating leadership.  
                 A  disadvantage  of  rotating  leadership  is  the  possibility  that       To summarize, rotating leadership is a leadership style in which 
                 nobody takes the role of leader. When for example expertise in              equality between the different team members is important. In 
                 a certain field is asked and nobody owns the asked expertise.               contrast  to  directive  leadership,  rotating  leadership  does  not 
                 This situation  will  result  in  a  situation  of  anarchy.  This  is  a   have a central leader and nobody is responsible in case of a 
                 situation in which nobody is the leader and there will not be any           failure.  
                 interaction between the team members. The fact that there is no 
                                                                                                                                                                 4 
                  
The words contained in this file might help you see if this file matches what you are looking for:

...Rotating leadership the process within organizational improvisation author a m brunink university of twente p o box ae enschede netherlands abstract this research is about and where for example directive has one central leader absent in with help from unorthodox relatively new method theatrical simulation product development teams visualized results are conclusions that beginning moments creative very important first part most ideas were presented also informal raises contrast to expected situation equality cases was not explicitly chosen but stands up support by his own personality supervisors k visscher ehrenhard g van bilsen keywords permission make digital or hard copies all work personal classroom use granted without fee provided made distributed profit commercial advantage bear notice full citation on page copy otherwise republish post servers redistribute lists requires th prior specific iba bachelor thesis conference november copyright faculty management governance introduction...

no reviews yet
Please Login to review.