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File: Ecology Pdf 160504 | Plaq Ae Afd Eng
supporting the agro ecological transition in the global south feedback on the experiences of cirad and afd farming systems in the levers of the the global south face specific challenges ...

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   SUPPORTING  
   THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL 
   TRANSITION  
   IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
   FEEDBACK  
   ON THE EXPERIENCES  
   OF CIRAD AND AFD
                                                                   
                       Farming systems in                                                 THE LEVERS OF THE 
                   the global South face 
                        specific challenges                                               AGRO-ECOLOGICAL 
                                       relating to  
                      population growth,                             1TRANSITION
                       rapid urbanization, 
                        climate disruption, 
                  State disengagement,                                For CIRAD and AFD, agro-ecology is:
                                  the power of                                           a scientific discipline that combines the concepts of 
                                       globalized                                          scientific ecology and agronomy,
                         agro-industry, and                                              a type of engineering based on research results and 
                                                                                           producer know-how, 
                     a lack of investment                                                a contribution to developing sustainable food systems, 
                                  and services.                                            by boosting various services (economic, social and 
                                                                                           environmental) in addition to the production function.
                                     As a result,                                        
                 they need to innovate                                The term “ecological intensification” is used to stress the need to 
                      in order to develop                             reconcile increased agricultural production with the principles of 
                              adaptation and                          agro-ecology.  
                      resilience solutions.                           The agro-ecological transition refers to the range of interconnected 
                                                                      dynamic processes by which new, sustainable cropping systems based 
                                      CIRAD and                       on the principles of agro-ecology are gradually replacing conventional 
                               AFD, together                          systems.
                    with researchers and                              Based on Michel Griffon’s representation (2013), CIRAD and AFD have 
                                     agricultural                     classed the main levers of the agro-ecological transition along two 
                                 development                          main axes: 
                              stakeholders in                                            the vertical axis is biophysical. It relates to the grow-
                          the global South,                                                ing use of functional biodiversity in agro-ecological 
                                    are working                                            systems instead of chemical inputs (mainly pesticides) 
                                                                                           and fossil-based products. This axis also takes account 
                             on research and                                               of the target of improving resource use efficiency 
                                                                                           (water, energy, soils, etc) and of optimizing bio-                                                                                Mobilization of biodiversity
                    full-scale trials aimed                                                                                                                                                                                  Aggradation
                                                                                           geochemical cycles within production systems.                                                       NATURAL
                             at documenting                                              the horizontal axis relates to organization and insti-                                             ECOSYSTEMS
                               the capacity of                                             tutions. It reflects the determining role of concerted                                                                                                       ECOLOGICALLY
                                  agro-ecology                                             dynamics involving producers and the whole range                                                                                                                INTENSIVE
                                                                                           of agricultural development players in building                                                                                                                 SYSTEMS
                                       to provide                                                                                                                                                                   LOW-INPUT
                                                                                           agro-ecological systems, from a plot to a territory                                                                     TRADITIONAL
                             an economically                                               scale.                                                                                                                     SYSTEMS
                         and socially viable                                                                                                                                             Natural
                                                                                                                                                                                         dynamics
                                      alternative                     The agro-ecological transition is thus the capacity to develop innova-                                                                                                              Mobilization 
                                                                      tive production systems by making use of biological, organizational                                                                                                                 of stakeholders
                             to conventional                          and institutional levers.                                                                                                                                     CONVENTIONAL          and organizations,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       INTENSIVE          organized
                                intensification                                                                                                                                                                                        SYSTEMS            dynamics
                                                                                 Adapted from M. Griffon, in: “Qu’est-ce que l’agriculture écologiquement intensive ?”                                    Uniformization
                                           models.                                                                                      M. Griffon. Editions Quae, 2013 >                                    Degradation
        2
  
        The agro-ecological transition                                  BIOLOGICAL LEVERS  
        concerns the various types of farming                           OF THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL  
        systems in the global South                                     TRANSITION
                                                                             Making use of biodiversity within agrosystems 
        In the countries of the global South, ensuring that family      
                                                                           (intra- and interspecific mixes, service plants, 
        farming adapts to the challenges posed by global change            nitrogen-fixing plants, rotations, etc) to foster 
        is a priority. For most family farming systems, the transition     natural control of crop pests and boost the range 
        means a direct switch to systems with high environmental           of regulatory services, hence reducing use of 
                                                                           chemical inputs, particularly pesticides.
        and social value, without first trying intensive conventional        Maximizing biomass production by intercepting 
        systems based on massive use of chemical inputs. However,       
                                                                           sunlight and fostering carbon capture in plants and 
        agro-ecological transitions must also apply to production          in the soil (permanent soil cover).
        systems based on intensive monocultures with high chem-              Fostering crop-livestock farming interactions.
                                                                        
        ical input use, since the environmental and social sustain-          Recycling resources and optimizing water and 
        ability of such systems is under particular scrutiny.           
                                                                           nutrient bio-geochemical cycles to ensure more 
                                                                           efficient use and cut losses and pollution (for 
                                                                           instance through organic matter management).
        CIRAD and AFD are supporting                                         Revising genetic improvement targets to take 
                                                                        
        those involved in the agro-ecological                              better account of the interactions between the 
        transition in the global South                                     various species and their environment.
                                                                             Managing landscapes by organizing landscape 
                                                                        
        The work being done by CIRAD and AFD fits into an overall          mosaics to supplement regulation.  
        participatory, territory-based research-action approach 
        aimed at co-building several commons: knowledge (scien-         ORGANIZATIONAL AND  
        tific and endogenous); partnerships (involving producer         INSTITUTIONAL LEVERS  
        organizations, groups, networks, innovation platforms,          OF THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL  
        operators, NGOs, which are playing a vital role in the          TRANSITION
        agro-ecological transition and with which CIRAD  
                                                                             Developing producer support services in terms of 
        and AFD work, notably the GTAE [working group on                
        the agro-ecological transition]; capacity (training, increas-      training, advice and technical support, and coor-
                                                                           dinating them with other services, with research 
        ing social capital, knowledge development); and lastly             and with other agrifood supply chain operators.
        innovation processes themselves (with a capacity to go               Boosting the involvement of upstream and down-
                                                                        
        beyond the pilot approach). CIRAD and AFD have                     stream supply chain operators (supplies of inputs 
        conducted several dozen development projects centring              and suitable mechanized equipment, of seeds, etc), 
        on the agro-ecological transition, primarily in sub-Saharan        studying consumer requirements and expectations 
        Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Central America, Latin         within a short- and long-term forward-looking 
                                                                           vision, fostering product marketing, and develop-
        America, the West Indies and the Indian Ocean.                     ing standards for recognizing goods produced in 
                                                                           systems with high environmental and social value.
                                                                             Developing capitalization, teaching, knowledge 
                                                                        
                               Mobilization of biodiversity                transmission (scientific or drawn from producer 
                               Aggradation                                 practices), use of feedback on experiences, pro-
          NATURAL                                                          ducer training (peer-to-peer, demonstrations, 
        ECOSYSTEMS                                                         trials).
                                                                             Fostering political and institutional commitment 
                                                   ECOLOGICALLY         
                                                     INTENSIVE             to guarantee support for local and territorial initi-
                                                     SYSTEMS               atives through appropriate policy and legal frame-
                         LOW-INPUT                                         works (laws, regulations, and economic, financial 
                         TRADITIONAL                                       and tax instruments).
                          SYSTEMS                                            Respecting the range of producer strategies, 
                                                                        
                                                                           including on a local level, and encouraging the 
      Natural                                                              active participation and voluntary involvement of 
      dynamics                                                             producers in changing their systems; in this 
                                                     Mobilization          respect, the existence of forms of local collective 
                                                     of stakeholders       action and management methods for material 
                                    CONVENTIONAL     and organizations,    commons (nurseries, seeds and animals, water, 
                                       INTENSIVE     organized             land, pasture and forest cover resources, etc) and 
                                       SYSTEMS       dynamics              immaterial commons (knowledge, information, 
                  Uniformization
>                   Degradation                                            social capital social, etc) is a powerful lever.
                                                                                                                         3
                               FEEDBACK ON  
              2EXPERIENCES
              More than ten years spent conducting experiments and supporting development projects have enabled 
              CIRAD and AFD to pinpoint the generic conditions for successful agro-ecological transitions: 
                             inclusion, which puts producers at the heart of the debate and innovation process and which 
                               must focus more on the specific role of women; 
                             contextualization, since the agro-ecological transition cannot be seen as universal or 
                               homogeneous, or expected to happen overnight; on the contrary, it takes many shapes and 
                               forms, and is site-specific (local, territorial or regional), sometimes sector-specific (supply 
                               chain) and dependent on the local context and local constraints and opportunities;
                             scaling, which means organizing gradual stages of co-design of new systems; 
                             opening up, encouraging producers to interact with other local players so as to identify the 
                               measures required to support the transition; this process is a fundamental part of skill buil-
                               ding; 
                             institutional structuring, within formal partnership structures (innovation platforms and 
                               networks, technical advice, other networks, etc) and specific tools (demonstrations, expe-
                               riments, role play, adaptive modelling, etc) to foster exchanges; 
                             public action, which is vital for supporting transitions (political, legal, regulatory and finan-
                               cial frameworks, economic instruments;
                             capitalization and transverse analyses of experiences, dissemination of results and expe-
                               rience sharing, to ensure that contextualization is not an obstacle to transition, and that the 
                               principles and general rules of transition are combined with specific instruments for local 
                               implementation of solutions.
                   Switching from intensive conventional monocultures  
              
                 to multi-species systems to reduce environmental impact 
                     THE CASE OF WEST INDIAN BANANAS
                          The chlordecone crisis, the subsequent 
                               social and political pressure and 
                                a move on the part of the supply 
                               chain and producers resulted in the 
                             drafting of a “Plan Banane Durable” 
                             (Sustainable Banana Plan). Producers 
                         and the research sector already had a 
                      varied technical package resulting from pre-
              vious innovations (in vitro plantlets, biological control 
              of weevils, etc), and had developed multi-species 
              systems and service plant engineering operations. 
              These solutions have very significantly reduced pesti-
              cide use. Environmental performance indicators have 
              been developed. A dedicated innovation platform 
              and technical institute have been set up. The plan 
              is led by the supply chain and producers, CIRAD, the 
              Guadeloupe and Martinique Regional Councils, the    ▲ COVER PLANT, CROTALARIA SPECTABILIS, IN A BANANA PLANTING 
              State and the EU.                                   © Hoa Tran Quoc/CIRAD
      44
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...Supporting the agro ecological transition in global south feedback on experiences of cirad and afd farming systems levers face specific challenges relating to population growth rapid urbanization climate disruption state disengagement for ecology is power a scientific discipline that combines concepts globalized agronomy industry type engineering based research results producer know how lack investment contribution developing sustainable food services by boosting various economic social environmental addition production function as result they need innovate term intensification used stress order develop reconcile increased agricultural with principles adaptation resilience solutions refers range interconnected dynamic processes which new cropping are gradually replacing conventional together researchers michel griffon s representation have classed main along two development axes stakeholders vertical axis biophysical it relates grow ing use functional biodiversity working instead chemi...

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