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Patricia
K.
By Thomas A. Angelo and Cross
Handbookfor Teachers,
From Assessment Techniques, A College 2nd Ed.
Classroom
(1)
fundamental questions:
to two How well are
In the 1990's, reformers are seeking answers
educational
(2) teaching? Classroom Research
learning? How are teachers and Classroom
students and effectively
learning and more effective teaching. Classroom
about better
Assessment respond to concerns
directly
to become more systematic and sensitive
was college teachers
Research developed to encourage
place classrooms. Faculty have exceptional
observers of learning as it takes every day in their an
to
for study of learning and through such study
opportunity to use their classrooms aslaboratories the
process the impact it.
learning and of their teaching upon Classroom
develop a better understanding of the
involves in
Assessment,major Classroom Research, student and teachers the continuous
a component of
feedback effectivenessas teachers,
provides faculty with about their
monitoring learning. It
of students'
progress Most important, because Classroom
and it givesstudents a measure of their aslearners.
questions and
by teachers themselves on of teaching
and analyzed
Assessmentsare created, administered,
will the results of the assessment
instructors apply
likelihood that
the
learning that are important to them,
greatly
teaching is enhances.
to their own
on
frequent feedback
process learning, the collection of
in the of
of students
Through close observation
much how
learn about
experiments, teachers can
modest classroom
of
learning, and the design
students'
particular Classroom
to teaching approaches.
respond
how students
learn and, more specifically,
students
well
how
feedback what, how much, and
useful on
teachers obtain
Assessment helps individual college
to help students
informationto refocus their teaching
this
then use
learning. Faculty can
their students are
more andmore effective.
make their learning efficient
teach
were trying to
were learning what they
students
that their
Collegeinstructors who have assumed
grade and term
when they tests
the contrary
to
evidence
faced with disappointing
are regularly
them
gaps,
There are
aswell as was expected.
much or
learned as
papers. havenot
Too often, students
faculty
By the time
what has learned.
was taught and been
what
ones, between
considerable
sometimes
problems.
late to remedy the
it is frequently too
gaps understanding,
notice these in knowledge or
throughout
monitor learning
need better ways to
and students
faculty
surprises,
To avoid such unhappy
learning.
student
flow of accurate information on
needa continuous
teachers
the semester. Specifically,
then
points the course,
learn through"Z" during
goal help students "A"
if is to
For example, a teacher's
point as the course
starting at and,
are really
students "A"
whether all
needs first to know
that teacher
pointS andso on. To ensure
intermediate "'VV',"
proceeds, whether have reached "8," "G," "L," "R,"
they
points and
whenthe syllabus has arrived at "M"
to test students
learning, it is not enough
highquality
learning at those
how well students are
for checking
particularly useful
Assessment is
"2." Classroom
is less than
when learning
for improvement
points, providing information
intermediate andfor
initial and
satisfactory.
andpromote
better able to understand
practice faculty become
Assessment,
Through in Classroom
selfassessing,
more effective,
themselvesbecome
help students
to the
learning, increase their ability
and
is to empower both
purpose Classroom Assessment
put, central of
selfdirected learners. Simply the
in
quality learning the classroom.
the of
to improve
teachers and their students
find what arelearningin the
to help teachers out students
designed
is approach
Assessment an
Classroom
has the following
it. This approach characteristics:
learning
how well they are
classroom and
. LearnerCentered
and
primary of teachers and students on observing
the attention
focuses
Assessment
Classroom
improving Assessmentcan
and teaching. Classroom
on observing
improving learning, rather than
learning.
in making improve
guide students adjustments to
provide teachers and
information to
o TeacherDirected
judgement
Classroom academic freedom, professional of
Assessment respects the autonomy, and
what to how how respond
college faculty. The individual teacher decides assess, to assess, and to
gained
to information Also, the is not to share the
the through the assessment. teacher obliged
result the
of Assessmentwith anvone outside classroom.
Classroom
o Mutually Beneficial
participation
Because Assessmentrequires the active of
it is focused learning, Classroom
on
reinforce grasp and
students their of the course content
students. By cooperating in assessment,
that
Their motivation is increased when they reahze
strengthen at selfassessment.
their own skills
learners.
faculty in as Faculty their teaching
are interested invested their success also sharpen
and
focus questions: are and
themselves three the essential skills
by continually asking "What
I find out whether learning them?"
knowledge I am Teach?" can students are
trying to "How
As work with to answer these
I help learn better?" teachers closely students
can sfudents
"How
questions, gainnew
skills and insights.
improve teaching
they their
. Formative
quality not provide
purpose the learning, to
Classroom Assessment's is to improve of student
graded
grading assessmentis never and are
The almost
evidence for evaluating students.
or
almost always
anonyrnous.
r ContextSpecific
particular
needs of the
respond to the and characteristics
Classroom Assessments have to
in will
are applied. What works well one class
to which they
teachers, and disciplines
students,
not
necessary work in another.
. Ongoing
of
process, thought maintenance
Classroom Assessment is an ongoing best of as the creating and
number of simple AssessmentTechniques
a classroom loop."By using a Classroom
"feedback
quick get from then
that are teachers feedback students on their learning. Faculty
and easy to use,
providing
complete loop students with feedback on the results assessmentand
the by of the
suggestions To on the usefulness faculfy use
for improving learning. check of their suggestions,
Classroom Assessment continuing the loop." As the becomes
again, "feedback approach
integrated communications and
into everyday activities, the loop connecting faculty
classroom
more
students learnine becomes efficient and more effective.
and teachins and
r Rooted
in Teaching Practice
Good
good practice
Classroom build on existing making feedback on
Assessment is an attempt to by
flexible, and more
students' learning more systematic, more effective. Teachers already ask
questions questions,
monitor body language
react to and facial read
, students' expressions,
homework provides
on. Assessment way
and tests, and so Classroom a to integrate assessment
systematically into classroom process.
and seamlessly the traditional teaching and learning
As questions,
they
are teaching, faculty react to facial
monitor and student colnrnents, language, and
body
expressions gathering
in an fashion. information
almost automatic This andimpression
"automatic"
formation
is process.
a subconscious Teachers depend
and implicit heavily impressionsof student
on their
learningand make judgments
important based on them, but they rarely make
those informal assessments
explicitor check impressions perform.
them against the students'own or ability to In
the course of
teaching, great
college
faculty assume deal about their students'learning,
a but most of their assumptions
remainuntested.
Even gather
whencollege teachers routinely potentiallyuseful information
on student learning through
questions,
quizzeq,
homework, it is collected
and exams, often too late at least from
the students'
perspective practice,
it is difficult
to affect their learning. In very used
to students who are
"deprogram"
graded
to thinking of anything they have on as
been tested being and with."
and "over done Consequently,
the most effective times to assess provide are before
and feedback the chapter tests
or the midterm
an
providing
final examinations. Classroom Assessment thatearlyfeedback.
aims at
Assessmentis based on seven
Classroom assumptions:
quality not quality
The is exclusively, related the
1. of student learning directly, although to of
promising ways learning
Therefore, to improve is improve
teaching. one the most to teaching.
of
to goals
first make their
2. To improve their effectiveness, teachers need and objectives explicit and
get the which
extent they achieving
then to specific, comprehensible feedback on to are those
goals
and objectives.
appropnate
and focused feedback
learning, students to receive early and
3. To improve their need
learning.
own
need how their
often;they also to learn to assess
is
mostlikely improveteaching and learning that conducted by faculty
4. The fype of assessment to
in problems
questions have formulated response to issues or in their
to answer they themselves
teaching.
own
powerful growth,
of motivation, and
inquiry are sources
5. Systematic and intellectual challenge
providesuch
Assessmentcan challenge.
for teachers,and Classroom
renewal college
not require training; it can be carried out by dedicated
Assessment specialized
6. Classroom does
from all disciplines.
teachers
in
involving Classroom Assessment
with and students
By colleagues actively
7. collaborating
personal
(and and satisfaction.
efforts,faculty students) enhance learning
the Classroom
only one or two of simplest
recommended that
Assessment it is
To Classroom
begin
way planning preparation
very time and
this little or
In
tried in only one class.
Techniques are
Assessment
Assessment
trying a simple Classroom
is risked. [n cases, out
and students most
of the teacher
energy
an hour of time out of class.
and less than
class time
five to ten minutes of
will require only
Technique
worth
quick asto whether this approach is further
the decision
oneor fwo assessments,
After trying
involves
made. process of starting small three steps:
energy can be This
of time and
investments
l: Planning
Step
to try Classroom Assessment. Decide
your which out the
in
of classes
Select one, and only one,
a quick
AssessmentTechnique. Choose simple and
meeting and select a Classroom
on the class
one.
Implementing
Step 2:
and procedure.
you that they clearly understand the
what are doing
Make sure the students know
possible.
as
as soon
Collect the responses and analyze them
Responding
Step 3:
studentsto become actively involved,
motivate
To on time assessing, to
capitalize spent and
you
what from what
"close feedback loop" by letting know learned the assessments and
the them
will
that information make.
difference
for
Five suggestions a successful start:
your professional
If Assessment Techniques not appeal to intuition and
1. a Classroom does
judgement
as a teacher, don't use it.
chore or burden.
a selfinflicted
2. Don't make Classroom Assessment into
you previously
your Assessment Technique haven't tried
3. Don't ask students to use any Classroom
yourself.
on
respond
you you will to carry out and to the assessment.
4. Allow for more time than think need
what you from feedback how
loop." Let know learn their and
5. Make sure to the students
"close
you improvelearning.
and can use that information to
they
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