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protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate Department of Health and Ageing calcium sodium water food protein National Health and Medical Research Council – energy carbohydrate calcium sodium Zn water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein Nutrient Reference Values for energy carbohydrate calcium sodium Australia and New Zealand water food protein energy carbohydrate Including Recommended Dietary Intakes calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate B12 calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein Ca energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate Mg calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate calcium sodium water food protein energy carbohydrate NUTRIENT REFERENCE VALUES FOR AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND INCLUDING RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKES ENDORSED BY THE NHMRC ON 9 SEPTEMBER 2005 © Commonwealth of Australia 2006 Paper-based publications This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the Attorney-General's Department. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, Robert Garran Offi ces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca ISBN Print 1864962372 Electronic documents This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests for further authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, Robert Garran Offi ces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca ISBN Online 1864962437 Disclaimer This document is a general guide. The recommendations are for healthy people and may not meet the specifi c nutritional requirements of all individuals. They are designed to assist nutrition and health professionals assess the dietary requirements of individuals and groups and are based on the best information available at the date of compilation. Copyright permission: Permission has kindly been granted by the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. to use sections of the following Academy of Sciences’ publications in this document: Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fl uoride. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, ribofl avin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1998. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes. A risk assessment model for establishing upper intake level for nutrients. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in dietary assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fi ber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride and sulfate. Panel on the dietary reference intakes for electrolytes and water. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2004. To obtain details regarding NHMRC publications contact: Email: nhmrc.publications@nhmrc.gov.au Phone: Toll Free 1800 020 103 Extension 9520 Internet: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au CONTENTS PREFACE VII INTRODUCTION 1 What are nutrient reference values 1 The nutrients reviewed 4 Reference body weights 5 Extrapolation processes 6 Implications 6 DIETARY ENERGY 13 MACRONUTRIENTS AND WATER 27 Protein 29 Fats: Total fat and fatty acids 35 Carbohydrate 43 Dietary Fibre 45 Water 51 VITAMINS 57 Vitamin A 59 Thiamin 67 Ribofl avin 73 Niacin 79 Vitamin B 85 6 Vitamin B 91 12 Folate 97 Pantothenic acid 105 Biotin 109 Choline 113 Vitamin C 119 Vitamin D 127 Vitamin E 139 Vitamin K 147 MINERALS 153 Calcium 155 Chromium 165 Copper 171 Fluoride 175 Iodine 181 Iron 187 Magnesium 193 Manganese 201 Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand III
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