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short bowel syndrome national digestive diseases information clearinghouse what is short bowel jejunum the middle section of the small syndrome intestine where carbohydrates proteins fat short bowel syndrome is a ...

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                         Short Bowel   
                         Syndrome  
                                                                   National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
                                                                 What is Short Bowel                                                                                   jejunum—the middle section of the small  
                                                                 Syndrome                                                                                              intestine, where carbohydrates, proteins, fat,  
                                                                 Short bowel syndrome is a group of problems                                                           and most vitamins are absorbed 
                                                                 related to poor absorption of nutrients.  Short                                                       ileum—the lower end of the small intestine,  
                                                                 bowel syndrome typically occurs in people                                                             where bile acids and vitamin B12 are  
                                                                 who have                                                                                              absorbed 
                                                                     •   had at least half of their small intestine 
                                                                                                                                                                       What is the large intestine? 
                                                                           removed and sometimes all or part of  
                                                                                                                                                                       The large intestine is about 5 feet long in 
                                                                           their large intestine removed                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                                       adults and absorbs water and any remaining 
                                                                     •     significant damage of the small intestine                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                                       nutrients from partially digested food passed 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                     •     poor motility, or movement, inside the                                                      from the small intestine.  The large intestine 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                           intestines                                                                                  then changes waste from liquid to a solid 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                       matter called stool. 
                                                                 Short bowel syndrome may be mild,                                                                                                             
                                                                 moderate, or severe, depending on how well  
                                                                 the small intestine is working.  
                                                                 People with short bowel syndrome cannot  
                                                                 absorb enough water, vitamins, minerals,  
                                                                 protein, fat, calories, and other nutrients from  
                                                                 food.  What nutrients the small intestine has  
                                                                 trouble absorbing depends on which section  
                                                                 of the small intestine has been damaged or  
                                                                 removed.   
                                                                 What is the small intestine? 
                                                                 The small intestine is the tube-shaped organ 
                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                 between the stomach and large intestine. 
                                                                                                                                                      
                                                                 Most food digestion and nutrient absorption 
                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                 take place in the small intestine.  The small 
                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                 intestine is about 20 feet long and includes 
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                 the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum: 
                                                                                                                                            
                                                                 duodenum—the first part of the small 
                                                                                                                                                                       The small intestine is the tube-shaped organ 
                                                                 intestine, where iron and other minerals are 
                                                                                                                                                                       between the stomach and large intestine.  
                                                                 absorbed 
                                                                 What causes Short Bowel                                                                                   •     meconium ileus, which occurs when  
                                                                 Syndrome?                                                                                                       the meconium, a newborn’s first stool,  
                                                                 The main cause of short bowel syndrome                                                                          is thicker and stickier than normal and  
                                                                                                                                                                                 blocks the ileum  
                                                                 is surgery to remove a portion of the small 
                                                                                                                                                                           •     midgut volvulus, which occurs when  
                                                                 intestine.  This surgery can treat intestinal                                                                   blood supply to the middle of the small  
                                                                 diseases, injuries, or birth defects.                                                                           intestine is completely cut off 
                                                                 Some children are born with an abnormally 
                                                                                                                                                                           •     omphalocele, which occurs when the  
                                                                 short small intestine or with part of their 
                                                                                                                                                                                 intestines, liver, or other organs stick out  
                                                                 bowel missing, which can cause short bowel 
                                                                                                                                                                                 through the navel, or belly button 
                                                                 syndrome.  In infants, short bowel syndrome 
                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                 most commonly occurs following surgery to 
                                                                                                                                                                       Even if a person does not have surgery,  
                                                                 treat necrotizing enterocolitis, a condition 
                                                                                                                                                                       disease or injury can damage the small  
                                                                 in which part of the tissue in the intestines is 
                                                                                                                                                                       intestine. 
                                                                                      1 
                                                                 destroyed.  
                                                                 Short bowel syndrome may also occur                                                                   How common is Short Bowel 
                                                                                                                                               
                                                                 following surgery to treat conditions such as 
                                                                                                                                                                       Syndrome? 
                                                                     •   cancer and damage to the intestines  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                       Short bowel syndrome is a rare condition. 
                                                                           caused by cancer treatment                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                       Each year, short bowel syndrome affects 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1 
                                                                     •   Crohn’s disease, a disorder that causes                                                       about three out of every million people.  
                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                           inflammation, or swelling, and irritation 
                                                                                                                                                                       What are the signs and 
                                                                           of any part of the digestive tract 
                                                                     •   gastroschisis, which occurs when the                                                          symptoms of Short Bowel 
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                           intestines stick out of the body through 
                                                                                                                                                                       Syndrome? 
                                                                           one side of the umbilical cord                                                              The main symptom of short bowel syndrome  
                                                                     •   internal hernia, which occurs when the                                                        is diarrhea—loose, watery stools.  Diarrhea  
                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                           small intestine is displaced into pockets                                                   can lead to dehydration, malnutrition,  
                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                           in the abdominal lining                                                                     and weight loss.  Dehydration means the  
                                                                     •   intestinal atresia, which occurs when                                                         body lacks enough fluid and electrolytes— 
                                                                                                                                                                       chemicals in salts, including sodium,  
                                                                           a part of the intestines doesn’t form 
                                                                                                                                                                       potassium, and chloride—to work properly.   
                                                                           completely                                                                                  Malnutrition is a condition that develops  
                                                                     •   intestinal injury from loss of blood flow 
                                                                                                                                                                       when the body does not get the right amount  
                                                                           due to a blocked blood vessel                                                               of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it  
                                                                     •   intestinal injury from trauma                                                                 needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ  
                                                                                                                                                                       function.  Loose stools contain more fluid  
                                                                     •   intussusception, in which one section 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           These  
                                                                                                                                                                       and electrolytes than solid stools. 
                                                                           of either the large or small intestine 
                                                                                                                                                                       problems can be severe and can be life  
                                                                           folds into itself, much like a collapsible 
                                                                                                                                                                       threatening without proper treatment. 
                                                                           telescope 
                                                                 1
                                                                  Thompson JS, Rochling FA, Weseman RA, Mercer DF.   
                                                                 Current management of short bowel syndrome.  Current  
                                                                 Problems in Surgery.  2012;49(2):52–115. 
                                                                 2      Short Bowel Syndrome 
                                                                                                                   Other signs and symptoms may include 
                                                Seek Help for Signs or                                                •  bloating
                                                Symptoms of Severe                                                    •  cramping
                                                Dehydration                                                           •  fatigue, or feeling tired
                                                                                                         
                                                People who have any signs or symptoms                                 •  foul-smelling stool
                                                                                                           
                                                of severe dehydration should call or see a                            •  heartburn
                                                health care provider right away: 
                                                   •  excessive thirst                                                •  too much gas
                                                   •  dark-colored urine                                              •  vomiting
                                                   •  infrequent urination                                            •  weakness
                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                   •  lethargy, dizziness, or faintness                            People with short bowel syndrome are also 
                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                   more likely to develop food allergies and 
                                                   •  dry skin                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                   sensitivities, such as lactose intolerance. 
                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                   Lactose intolerance is a condition in which 
                                                Infants and children are most likely                                                                                          
                                                                                                                   people have digestive symptoms—such as 
                                                to become dehydrated.  Parents or                                                                                               
                                                                                                                   bloating, diarrhea, and gas—after eating or 
                                                caretakers should watch for the following                                                                       
                                                signs and symptoms of dehydration:                                 drinking milk or milk products. 
                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                   •  dry mouth and tongue                                         Read more in Lactose Intolerance at 
                                                                                                                   www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov. 
                                                   •  lack of tears when crying
                                                   •  infants with no wet diapers for 3                            What are the complications 
                                                       hours or more                                               of Short Bowel Syndrome? 
                                                   •  infants with a sunken soft spot                              The complications of short bowel syndrome  
                                                   •  unusually cranky or drowsy behavior                          may include 
                                                   •  sunken eyes or cheeks                                           •  malnutrition 
                                                   •  fever                                                           •  peptic ulcers—sores on the lining of the 
                                                                                                                          stomach or duodenum caused by too 
                                                If left untreated, severe dehydration can                                 much gastric acid
                                                cause serious health problems: 
                                                   •  organ damage                                                    •  kidney stones—solid pieces of material 
                                                                                                                          that form in the kidneys
                                                   •  shock—when low blood pressure                                   •  small intestinal bacterial overgrowth—a 
                                                       prevents blood and oxygen from                                     condition in which abnormally large 
                                                       getting to organs                                                  numbers of bacteria grow in the small 
                                                   •  coma—a sleeplike state in which a                                   intestine
                                                       person is not conscious
                                             3      Short Bowel Syndrome 
                                How is Short Bowel                               Blood Tests  
                                                                                 A blood test involves drawing a patient’s 
                                Syndrome diagnosed?                                                                       
                                                                                 blood at a health care provider’s office or a 
                                A health care provider diagnoses short bowel                                                 
                                                                                 commercial facility and sending the sample 
                                syndrome based on                                                                            
                                                                                 to a lab for analysis.  Blood tests can show  
                                  •   a medical and family history 
                                                                                 mineral and vitamin levels and measure  
                                  •   a physical exam                            complete blood count. 
                                    
                                  •   blood tests 
                                                                                 Fecal Fat Tests 
                                  •   fecal fat tests 
                                                                                 A fecal fat test measures the body’s ability 
                                                                                                                            
                                                                                 to break down and absorb fat.  For this test, 
                                  •   an x-ray of the small and large intestines                                             
                                                                                 a patient provides a stool sample at a health 
                                                                                                                              
                                  •   upper gastrointestinal (GI) series 
                                                                                 care provider’s office.  The patient may also 
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                 use a take-home test kit.  The patient collects 
                                  •   computerized tomography (CT) scan                                                        
                                                                                 stool in plastic wrap that he or she lays over 
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                 the toilet seat and places a sample into a 
                                Medical and Family History                                                                
                                                                                 container.  A patient can also use a special 
                                Taking a medical and family history may help                                                
                                                                                 tissue provided by the health care provider’s 
                                a health care provider diagnose short bowel                                                   
                                                                                 office to collect the sample and place the 
                                syndrome.  He or she will ask the patient                                                  
                                                                                 tissue into the container.  For children 
                                about symptoms and may request a history of                                             
                                                                                 wearing diapers, the parent or caretaker 
                                                                                                                          
                                past operations.                                 can line the diaper with plastic to collect the 
                                                                                                                              
                                                                                 stool.  The health care provider will send 
                                                                                                                           
                                Physical Exam                                    the sample to a lab for analysis.  A fecal fat 
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                 test can show how well the small intestine is 
                                A physical exam may help diagnose short                                                      
                                                                                 working. 
                                bowel syndrome.  During a physical exam, a 
                                                                            
                                health care provider usually                     X-ray 
                                  •   examines a patient’s body, looking for 
                                                                                 An x-ray is a picture created by using 
                                     muscle wasting or weight loss and signs                                           
                                                                                 radiation and recorded on film or on a 
                                     of vitamin and mineral deficiencies                                                
                                                                                 computer.  The amount of radiation used 
                                                                                                                           
                                  •   uses a stethoscope to listen to sounds in 
                                                                                 is small.  An x-ray technician performs the 
                                                                                                                            
                                     the abdomen                                 x-ray at a hospital or an outpatient center, 
                                                                                                                            
                                                                                 and a radiologist—a doctor who specializes 
                                  •   taps on specific areas of the patient’s                                                
                                                                                 in medical imaging—interprets the images. 
                                     body                                                                                     
                                                                                 An x-ray of the small intestine can show 
                                                                                                                          
                                                                                 that the last segment of the large intestine is 
                                                                                                                              
                                                                                 narrower than normal.  Blocked stool causes 
                                                                                                                              
                                                                                 the part of the intestine just before this 
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                 narrow segment to stretch and bulge. 
                                                                                                                        
                                4      Short Bowel Syndrome 
The words contained in this file might help you see if this file matches what you are looking for:

...Short bowel syndrome national digestive diseases information clearinghouse what is jejunum the middle section of small intestine where carbohydrates proteins fat a group problems and most vitamins are absorbed related to poor absorption nutrients ileum lower end typically occurs in people bile acids vitamin b who have had at least half their large removed sometimes all or part about feet long adults absorbs water any remaining significant damage from partially digested food passed motility movement inside intestines then changes waste liquid solid matter called stool may be mild moderate severe depending on how well working with cannot absorb enough minerals protein calories other has trouble absorbing depends which been damaged tube shaped organ between stomach digestion nutrient take place includes duodenum first iron causes meconium ileus when newborn s main cause thicker stickier than normal blocks surgery remove portion midgut volvulus this can treat intestinal blood supply injuri...

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