Chapter 6                                  Livestock Nutrition, Husbandry, and        National Range and Pasture Handbook
                                                            Behavior
                 Chapter 6                                  Livestock Nutrition,
                                                            Husbandry, and Behavior
                 Contents:                     600.0600     General                                                                      6–1
                                               600.0601     Nutrition                                                                    6–1
                                                            (a) Energy ............................................................................................................ 6–2
                                               600.0602     Basal metabolism                                                             6–3
                                                            (a) Factors affecting basal metabolism and voluntary intake....................... 6–3
                                               600.0603     Maintaining a balance between livestock numbers and available                6–8
                                                            forage
                                                            (a) Determining animal-unit equivalents ......................................................... 6–8
                                                            (b) Ability of cattle to adjust to fluctuating forage quality ............................ 6–9
                                                            (c) Chemical factors affecting forage quality................................................ 6–10
                                                            (d) Forage quantity ........................................................................................... 6–10
                                                            (e) Nutrient needs of animals.......................................................................... 6–10
                                               600.0604     Feedstuffs                                                                  6–14
                                               600.0605     Husbandry                                                                   6–14
                                                            (a) Supplementing forage deficient in nutrients........................................... 6–14
                                                            (b) Proper location of salt, minerals, and supplemental feed ..................... 6–16
                                               600.0606     Control of livestock parasites and diseases                                 6–16
                                               600.0607     Regulating the breeding season                                              6–17
                                                            (a) Controlled breeding program.................................................................... 6–17
                                                            (b) Advantages of controlled breeding........................................................... 6–17
                                                            (c) Factors in planning a breeding program.................................................. 6–17
                                                            (d) Reproduction characteristics.................................................................... 6–18
                                                            (e) Additional factors in livestock breeding and selection.......................... 6–18
                                               600.0608     Animal behavior                                                             6–19
                                                            (a) Systems of behavior ................................................................................... 6–19
                                                                  (190-vi, NRPH, September 1997)                                            6–i6–i
         Chapter 6                                  Livestock Nutrition, Husbandry, and        National Range and Pasture Handbook
                                                    Behavior
                                       Tables       Table 6–1        Gross energy values of feeds                                 6–2
                                                    Table 6–2        Energy adjustments for cattle                                6–3
                                                    Table 6–3        Description of body condition scores                         6–5
                                                    Table 6–4        Typical thermoneutral zones                                  6–6
                                                    Table 6–5        Animal-unit equivalents guide                                6–9
                                                    Table 6–6        Biological priority for nutrients                          6–10
                                                    Table 6–7        Expected water consumption of various species              6–12
                                                                     of adult livestock in a temperate climate
                                                    Table 6–8        Water quality standards for livestock                      6–12
                                                    Table 6–9        Approximate number of animals at one salting               6–16
                                                                     location to provide enough salt and minerals on
                                                                     different types of terrain
                                                    Table 6–10       General salt requirements for grazing animals              6–16
                                                    Table 6–11       Reproduction characteristics of domestic animals           6–18
                                                    Table 6–12       Behavior of a cow on winter range                          6–19
                                       Figures      Figure 6–1       Components of a food                                         6–1
                                                    Figure 6–2       Energy functions                                             6–2
                                                    Figure 6–3       Relationship between BCS and pregnancy percentage            6–5
                                                    Figure 6–4       Reference points for body condition score                    6–5
                                                    Figure 6–5       Water requirements of European and Indian cattle           6–12
                                                                     as affected by increasing temperatures
                                                    Figure 6–6       Fractions of a feedstuff                                   6–14
         6–ii6–ii                                         (190-vi, NRPH, September 1997)
                 Chapter 6                                  Livestock Nutrition, Husbandry, and        National Range and Pasture Handbook
                                                            Behavior
                                               Example       Example 6–1 Nutritional profile of a cow year                               6–13
                                               Exhibit       Exhibit 6–1     Livestock and wildlife summary and data sheet             6ex–1
                                                                  (190-vi, NRPH, September 1997)                                           6–iii6–iii
         Chapter 6                                  Livestock Nutrition, Husbandry, and        National Range and Pasture Handbook
                                                    Behavior
         6–iv                                             (190-vi, NRPH, September 1997)