Importation of zoo bovids and 
        their semen from approved 
        countries 
        Final report 
        September 2021 
                                                                              
         
         
        © Commonwealth of Australia 2021 
        Ownership of intellectual property rights 
        Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by 
        the Commonwealth of Australia (referred to as the Commonwealth). 
        Creative Commons licence 
        All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence except 
        content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. 
        Inquiries about the licence and any use of this document should be emailed to copyright@awe.gov.au. 
                
        Cataloguing data 
        This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Department of Agriculture,  Water and 
        the Environment 2021, Importation of zoo bovids and their semen from approved countries: final report, Department of 
        Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, September 2021. CC BY 4.0 
        This publication is available at agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis 
        Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment 
        GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 
        Telephone 1800 900 090 
        Web awe.gov.au 
        The Australian Government acting through the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment has exercised 
        due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the 
        Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including 
        liability for negligence and for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of 
        accessing, using or relying on any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by 
        law. 
        Acknowledgements 
        The authors thank the Zoo and Aquarium Association of Australasia for their input to and support of this review. 
         
                 Importation of zoo bovids and their semen from approved countries                                 Index 
                 Contents 
                 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 
                 1    Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 
                      1.1     Australia’s biosecurity policy framework ........................................................................................ 4 
                      1.2     This policy review ...................................................................................................................................... 4 
                 2    Method ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 
                      2.1     Risk review ................................................................................................................................................... 8 
                      2.2     Review of hazard identification ........................................................................................................... 9 
                      2.3     Review of risk assessment .................................................................................................................. 10 
                      2.4     Review of risk management ............................................................................................................... 10 
                      2.5     Risk communication .............................................................................................................................. 12 
                 3    Hazard identification .......................................................................................................................... 13 
                      3.1     Diseases retained for risk review ..................................................................................................... 27 
                 4    Risk reviews ........................................................................................................................................... 28 
                      4.1     Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) ............................................................................................................... 28 
                      4.2     Besnoitia besnoiti ..................................................................................................................................... 30 
                      4.3     Bluetongue ................................................................................................................................................. 34 
                      4.4     Bovine tuberculosis ............................................................................................................................... 41 
                      4.5     Bovine viral diarrhoea (Type 2) ....................................................................................................... 51 
                              Brucellosis (B. abortus and B. melitensis) ...................................................................................... 57 
                      4.6     B. abortus .................................................................................................................................................... 57 
                      4.7     B. melitensis ............................................................................................................................................... 61 
                      4.8     Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia ........................................................................................... 65 
                      4.9     Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever ............................................................................................... 69 
                      4.10    East Coast fever & Mediterranean theileriosis ........................................................................... 72 
                      4.11    Foot-and-mouth disease ...................................................................................................................... 75 
                      4.12    Haemorrhagic septicaemia ................................................................................................................. 78 
                      4.13    Heartwater ................................................................................................................................................. 82 
                      4.14    Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis ..................................................................................................... 86 
                      4.15    Lumpy skin disease ................................................................................................................................ 91 
                      4.16    Malignant catarrhal fever (wildebeest associated) .................................................................. 97 
                      4.17    Nairobi sheep disease ........................................................................................................................ 100 
                      4.18    Peste des petits ruminants ............................................................................................................... 103 
                      4.19    Rabies ........................................................................................................................................................ 106 
                      4.20    Rift Valley fever .................................................................................................................................... 109 
                      4.21    Schmallenberg virus ........................................................................................................................... 113 
                  
                 Importation of zoo bovids and their semen from approved countries                                 Index 
                      4.22    Screwworm fly myiasis ..................................................................................................................... 119 
                      4.23    Surra .......................................................................................................................................................... 121 
                      4.24    Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies .......................................................................... 124 
                      4.25    Trypanosomosis (tsetse fly associated) ..................................................................................... 129 
                      4.26    Vesicular stomatitis ............................................................................................................................ 132 
                 5    Biosecurity measures for the importation of zoo bovids and their semen ................... 137 
                      5.1     Biosecurity measures for the importation of live zoo bovids from approved countries 
                               ..................................................................................................................................................................... 141 
                      5.2     Biosecurity measures for the importation of zoo bovid semen from approved 
                      countries ................................................................................................................................................................. 159 
                 6    Glossary .................................................................................................................................................. 168 
                 7    References ............................................................................................................................................. 173 
                 Tables 
                 Table 1 Hazard identification and refinement .................................................................................................... 14