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Precision Nutrition by Heinri Spangenberg (Ph.D.) Includes Trace (Pr.Sci.Nat. Reg.no. 400005/00) Minerals Westside Enterprises (Pty) Ltd IntelliBond Precision “[Nutritionists] are often much Nutrition Includes more lenient regarding trace mineral nutrition and more often Trace Minerals than not just include the feed concentration levels in parts per million (ppm) recommended by the NRC or the premix house. However, these recommendations are often exceeded because raw material (RM) contributions are not taken into account and are therefore further escalated “to make sure” there is adequate supply without any substantial reason.” “ [when deciding] which available source of Zn, Mn and Cu to use for supplementing the calculated requirement, it is fair to assume that cost and bioavailability will be the major issues influencing this decision BUT, it is also important to ensure that the chosen source does not harm the other additives in the premix, the ingredients in the feed, the microorganisms in the rumen and the animals general health and well-being. “ 02 IntelliBond “It is important to analyse RM for trace mineral content in order to have a firm grip on basal contribution in total trace mineral supply (to ensure adequate and not excessive TM supply).” “We now know that sulphates may cause more harm to ruminant performance than “…dietary trace mineral previously realised. As shown contribution and efficiency of in this article, a well formulated, absorption has been taken into high-quality premix containing account with the NRC, 2001 IntelliBond TM’s will contribute recommendations. It is therefore 4% to the RM cost of a high-end very important to take raw material dairy meal. The IntelliBond TM’s trace mineral content into account will contribute 18% to the total RM in diet formulation in order to cost of the premix and 0.75% to ensure adequate and not the total RM cost of the dairy excessive supply in the quest for meal. Therefore, backed by solid precision nutrition.” research and at a fraction of the “The mineral requirement in most, total feed cost comes complete if not all, U.S.-based nutrition peace of mind in terms of the models come directly from the optimal health, production and NRC. Because of the potential reproduction of the herd. problems associated with both So, why compromise?” under and over supplementation of trace minerals, most diets should not deviate greatly from NRC requirements.” - Dr Bill Weiss 03 IntelliBond Precision Nutrition Includes Trace Minerals Claims such as “This feed is optimally formulated for or to supply the correct balance of minerals and trace minerals” is often seen in brochures, advertisements and promotional articles. But is it really? Many articles have been published about precision farming, including precision nutrition. As nutritionists, we spend a lot of time developing and improving nutrition models in an effort to perfect animal production predictions with actual on-farm performance. This focuses mainly on the evaluation of protein and energy systems in all its complexity within digestion physiology. Nutritionists are often much more lenient regarding trace mineral nutrition and more often than not just include the feed concentration levels in part per million (ppm) recommended by the NRC or the premix house. However, these recommendations are often exceeded because raw material (RM) contributions are not taken into account and are therefore further escalated “to make sure” there is adequate supply without any substantial reason. We need to supply adequately, not excessively, otherwise it might cause more problems if not justified by factors that will be explained in this article. It is important to follow the same disciplined process of supplying the required amount of trace elements for specific animals and performance targets after RM contribution is taken into account. It is also important to supply the required amount using a trace mineral source that do not harm the other additives in the premix, the ingredients in the feed, the microorganisms in the rumen and the animals general health and well-being. Trace Mineral Function The role of trace minerals in animal nutrition is extremely important as functional components of numerous metabolic events. According to Underwood and Suttle (1999) trace mineral functions can be categorized into four broad types of functions, namely structural, physiological, catalytic and regulatory. Structural function refers to minerals forming structural components of body organs and tissue. An example is the contribution of zinc to molecular and membrane stability. Physiological function occurs when minerals in body fluids and tissues act as electrolytes to maintain osmotic pressure, acid base balance, and membrane permeability. Catalytic function refers to the catalytic role of metalloenzymes in enzyme and hormone systems and is probably the largest category for trace minerals. Trace elements serve as structural components of metalloenzymes and when trace elements are removed or deficient, the enzyme activity is lost. Numerous metalloenzymes are required for a wide range of metabolic activities such as energy production, protein digestion, cell replication, antioxidant activity and wound healing. Regulatory function, such as the influence on transcription by zinc, and iodine serving as a constituent of thyroxine, which is a hormone associated with thyroid function and energy metabolism. 04
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