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12. Agricultural Economics, Marketing and
Statistics
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS contribute 57% to the total farm income. Large
farmers also gain much from vegetable cultivation.
Impact of vegetable production on With nearly 28% of the area under vegetable
income and employment of small farms cultivation, they realize about 46% in terms of
The impact of diversification of agriculture value. Potato, cabbage and tomato account for
towards vegetables was assessed on farm income about 66% of the total value of vegetable
and employment using household level information production in the production portfolio of large
from the western Uttar Pradesh. The results clearly farmers.
revealed that vegetable production is more
profitable and labour-intensive as compared to Linking smallholders to markets for
cereals and it fits well in the small farm production high-value crops: Role of farmers’
systems. The small farms are relatively more organizations
efficient in production and own more family labour Institutions such as farmers’ cooperatives,
in contrast to large farms. Women are also benefited producers’ associations and contract farming are
as the vegetable production engages relatively considered efficient means of linking smallholders
higher women labour in various operations. to markets. Integration of vegetable producers with
village level associations of fruit and vegetable
Labour use in vegetable production growers has been examined along with costs and
(man days/ha) profits of the producers.
Vegetable production is an important source The impact of association on farmer members
of income for small farms. It accounts for 66% was studied through a survey conducted in Haryana.
share in the value of crops output. Among Study revealed that transaction costs are higher
vegetables, potato, cauliflower and tomato in wet markets and the institution-linked sales
103
Net return from vegetables and cereals production Labour use in vegetable production (man days)
Agricultural Economics, Marketing and Statistics
during the pre-reform period technology (crop
Production costs, transaction costs and net returns yields as proxy) dominated the different sources
from spinach (base 2002) of growth, and output prices became the important
(Rs/tonne) sources of growth in agriculture during the reform
Particulars Producer Independent Per cent period. Share of agricultural diversification towards
members producers difference fruits and vegetables has consistently increased
in agricultural growth during the past two decades,
Crop yield 8.6 8.3 4.0 with much faster rate during the reform period.
(tonne/ha) Some important policy implications have emerged
Cost of production 1,485 1,171 –12.9 from this study.
Transaction cost 35 437 –92.0 First, the contribution of technology to future
Total cost 1,520 2,067 –26.5 agricultural growth should be viewed seriously.
(production + The present agricultural scenario and current
transaction) stagnated or decelerated growth of major
Output price 3,311 3,074 7.7 commodities are due to various ailments. It may
be recognized that contribution of technology must
Net revenue 1,791 1,007 77.9 be stepped-up for sustaining agricultural growth
and meeting the global challenges. This would
require (i) higher efficiency of investment on
reduce these costs by 92%. The smallholders agricultural R&D, (ii) matching R&D agenda,
benefited most from this arrangement despite keeping in view the ever changing and emerging
having low marketed surplus and higher transaction challenges in different regions, and (iii)
costs. Price realization was also higher in strengthening of public-private partnership in
institution-linked sales; this shows producers’ research, extension and input-delivery system.
collective bargaining power and no extraction of Higher allocation of research resources would be
monopsonisic rent in the output market. Post- necessary for developing technologies to enhance
stratification of sample vegetable producers consist yield potential of all commodities. Additional
50% members of small holding size indicating research resources would also be required to
large involvement of smallholders in growers’ promote agricultural diversification in the non-
associations. traditional areas. New high-value crops in non-
traditional areas would require greater research
Sources of agricultural growth in on production, marketing and processing to sustain
India their technical feasibility and economic viability.
The sources of agricultural growth in India have Second, the contribution of agricultural
been decomposed during pre-reform (decade of diversification to agricultural growth must be
1980s) and reform (decade of 1990s) periods. A viewed as an opportunity in the rainfed areas,
clear trend has emerged at the national level that which were by-passed during the ‘green revolution’
104
8
–200
7
0
0
2
Report
Sources of agricultural growth
DARE/ICAR Annual
period. Promoting agricultural diversification due to a number of abiotic, biotic and socio-
towards high-value commodities and creating their economic constraints. If these could be minimized,
appropriate markets and processing technologies the actual production and yield levels can be
can be used as effective tools to alleviate poverty increased considerably.
and conserve natural resources in the niche areas. A study conducted across major wheat zones
It may require investment on development of during 2004, has revealed nearly 2 tonnes/ha of yield
infrastructure and institutional arrangements, which gap between the actual yields on farmers’ field and
suit the needs of high-value commodities. The frontline demonstration yield. It varies across
study has suggested that better market integration, different wheat zones. The yield difference is high
effective vertical coordination and value addition (2 tonnes/ha) in the north-eastern plains zone
would be the pre-requisites for promoting (covering wheat areas of eastern parts of Uttar
agricultural diversification towards high-value Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal), and central
commodities. zone (covering areas of Madhya Pradesh and
Third, output prices have emerged as an Gujarat). There is also a considerable scope to
important source of agricultural growth in all the increase wheat yield and bridge the yield gap of 1.7
regions during the reform period. Price-led tonnes/ha in north western plain zone covering states
agricultural growth may not be sustained unless of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and western parts of
supported by the government, as has been practised Uttar Pradesh, despite high yield levels.
for rice and wheat. During the reform period,
prices of rice and wheat were raised to protect AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS AND
the interests of farmers. On the other hand, rising COMPUTER APPLICATION
demand for fruits and vegetables led to a rise in
their prices. These high prices may not continue National information system on
in the event of globalization when demand-induced agricultural education network in
cheaper import would suppress their prices. The India (NISAGENET)
other problem with the price-led growth is that it NISAGENET has been developed and
would benefit only those farmers, who have implemented on the recommendations of National
sufficient marketable surpluses. The smallholders, Statistics Commission (NSC) for providing
who have tiny marketable surplus, will be deprived information for policy and planning of agricultural
of the benefits of rising prices. Such a phenomenon education in the country. The project is being
may lead to growth with wider inequality. executed by the Indian Agricultural Statistics
Fourth, area expansion may not continue as a Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi, as the
future source of growth in the land-scarce regions. Lead Center having collaboration with 42
The growth in such regions will come from participating organizations that includes SAUs -
agricultural diversification towards more 34, ICAR Deemed Universities - 4, AAIDU - 1,
remunerative commodities and technological Central Universities – 2 (AMU and BHU) and
breakthroughs. It is, therefore, important that these the Central Agricultural University, Imphal.
growth sources are targeted for sustainable and The Central Server Application Software website
equitable growth in agriculture. has been implemented on internet at the web
address http://www.iasri.res.in/NISAGENET
Wheat production in India: having the facilities like:
Opportunities and challenges ● Agrikhoj – a Search Engine for agricultural
Wheat is the staple food crop accounting for education
about 40 % of total cereals production in India. ● Directory – Classified information from
Its production is constrained by a number of NISAGENET
problems, and a huge yield loss of 30 % is ● Discussion Forum – for sharing information
estimated at all India level. The loss in yield occurs ● Reports/Queries – Dynamic Reports for user’s
● Reports/Queries on other public funded and/
or private aided and unaided colleges affiliated 105
to central and other universities are also
available on the web site.
The network architecture of the system ensures
that NISAGENET acts as an independent
information system at the organization level and
would be useful for the agricultural education
data management of the university and its affiliated/
constituent colleges as well as from the Central
Server at the IASRI. It will act as a decision
Agricultural Economics, Marketing and Statistics
support system and would be quite useful to bibliography on supersaturated designs has
academicians, planners, policy makers, scientists been uploaded on Design Resources Server.
and technologists, and the students pursuing higher The complete details of the design can be
education in agriculture. obtained by clicking on the design parameters
in the catalogue.
Expert system on wheat crop ● Designs for biological assays help in the
management estimation of the relative potency of the test
Expert system on wheat crop management is a preparation with respect to standard one.
Web-based system developed at the IASRI in Material on contrasts of interest in parallel
collaboration with the DWR, Karnal, and IARI, line assays and slope ratio assays has been
New Delhi. uploaded on Design Resources Server.
The system provides the users with ● Hadamard matrices have a tremendous
recommendations and advice concerning wheat potential for application in many fields
production. This system is subdivided into four particularly in generating fractional factorial
modules: Variety selection, Plant protection, Cultural designs. An online software has been
practices and Harvesting technology and one module developed. The software also describes the
for knowledge management. Variety selection method by which a Hadamard matrix is
module specifies the variety from the farmer’s point generated.
of view. Plant protection module is subdivided into ● A B-version of the software for generation
pathological aspects, entomological aspects and of efficient nested block designs is prepared.
weed management. In pathology, the system
identifies micro diseases such as leaf rusts, blights Web page developed
and bunts etc. In entomology, the system identifies Lattice designs: This web page contains list
pest/insects affecting plants and recommends control of Lattice designs along with the layout for easy
measures. The cultural practices module specifies accessibility of the experimenters.
the process of cultivation of the crop. The harvesting Circular designs: This web page generates layout
technology module helps in advising the right plan of circular designs that form an important class
method, right machinery and right time for the of incomplete block designs and is available for all
harvest. number of treatments with smaller number of
A user can interact directly with any module replications. The randomized layout of these designs
as per his requirements. These modules extend can also be generated. These designs offer more
information to the user through his queries or flexibility in terms of their availability for any block
through a click of the button. The developed system size.
can be utilized in making similar systems on other
crops. It may be used as an effective tool for The Agricultural Research Data Book
agricultural research and planning. 2007
This is eleventh in the series, and is an attempt
Design resources server to put together main components/indicators of such
A design resource server (www.iasri.res.in/
design/) was created to popularize the research in Outlier in designed experiments
design of experiments and analysis of data among
the stakeholders, experimenters and research A dissemination Workshop was held on 26 July
2007. Some salient achievements of the project
statisticians. This server is strengthened and are:
uploaded regularly. A test statistics for detecting the multiple
● Square lattice designs are resolvable block outliers in the presence of masking was
designs and are quite useful for agricultural developed.
field experiments. For the benefit of the Some M-estimation procedures are
experimenters an online software for appropriately modified for application in
designed experiments. A new objective
106 generation of square lattice design with 3 function is also developed.
replications has been prepared and uploaded Least Median of Squares (LMS) has been
on Design Resources Server. modified for application into the designed
8 ● Supersaturated designs are fractional factorial experiments.
designs. Definition of supersaturated designs, A robustness criterion for identifying robust
–200 design that is robust against the presence of
7
0 experimental situations in which two outliers is developed. It was found that
0
2 supersaturated designs are useful, efficiency binary variance balanced designs are robust
criteria for evaluation of supersaturated against the presence of two outliers.
designs, catalogue of supersaturated designs Software for analyzing experimental data in
Report
for asymmetrical factorial experiments and the presence of outliers is developed.
DARE/ICAR Annual
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