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                                                      Geography optional upsc notes pdf
   TEST SERIES Now you have made up your mind to become IAS officer and looking for the books and study materials to achieve your goal. Well, you are on the right page. Now We are Sharing With You GS SCORE Geography Optional Notes 2019 PDF. We struggle hard to gather all these tests and
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   vizag@analogeducation.in Only Ias Exam 14:33 Geography Notes PDF for UPSC IAS Civil Services ExamFluvial Depositional Landforms | Types of DeltasGlacial Landforms: Erosional and DepositionalMarine Landforms and Cycle of Erosion | CoastlinesArid Landforms: Wind Eroded & Water
   ErodedKarst Landforms & Cycle of Erosion | Stalactite & StalagmiteLake | Classification of Lakes (types of lakes)Important Lakes on Earth & Facts About LakesPlateau Formation & Types of Plateaus | Major Plateaus of The WorldDirect & Indirect Sources for Understanding the Earth’s InteriorSeismic
   waves, Shadow Zone of P-waves and S-wavesEarth’s Layers: Crust, Mantle & Core, Seismic DiscontinuitiesEarth’s Magnetic Field, Dynamo theory, MagnetosphereGeomagnetic Reversal, Magnetic Declination & Inclination (Dip)Endogenic Geomorphic Movements: Epeirogenic & OrogenicExogenic
   Geomorphic Movements: Denudation & WeatheringContinental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks, TectonicsPaleomagnetism, See Floor Spreading, Convectional CurrentsPlate Tectonics vs. Continental Drift and See Floor SpreadingTectonic Plates & their interactions, Indian Plate
   MovementOcean-Ocean Convergence and Volcanic Island Arc FormationContinent-Ocean Convergence, Formation of Fold MountainsContinent-Continent Convergence, Formation of the HimalayasDivergent Boundary, The Great Rift Valley (African Rift Valley)Classification of Mountains on the basis of
   Location, OriginFold & Fault in Geology, Fold Mountains and Block MountainsMajor Mountain Ranges of the World, Highest Mountain PeaksVolcanism: Andesitic & Basaltic Lava, Distribution of VolcanoesVolcanic Landforms: Extrusive & Intrusive Volcanic LandformsVolcanism: Explosive, Strombolian,
   Vulcanian, Plinian, PeleanHotspot Volcanism, Mantle plumes, Flood Basalt, SupervolcanoeRocks: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks, Rock cycleEarthquakes: Causes & Distribution, Shallow & Deep QuakesRichter Magnitude Scale & Earthquakes of Varying StrengthsTsunami: Mechanism &
   Properties, 2004 Indian Ocean TsunamiSoil Erosion: Wind and Water Erosion, Rill and Gully erosionFluvial Erosional Landforms: Meander, Oxbow Lake, PeneplainDrainage Patterns: Concordant, Discordant, Dendritic, Trellis Latitudes & Longitudes | Standard TimeMotions of the earth: Rotation and
   RevolutionAtmosphere: Role, Structure & CompositionTemperature Distribution on Earth & Heat BudgetAdiabatic Lapse Rate | Latent Heat of CondensationAtmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind SystemsFactors Affecting Wind movement | Coriolis ForceTypes of Winds: Permanent, Secondary & Local
   WindsTemperature Inversion: Types & Effects on WeatherGeostrophic Wind, Jet Streams & Rossby WavesMajor Jet Steams: Subtropical Jet Stream & Polar Jet StreamAir Mass | Air masses based on Source RegionsFronts | Types of Fronts: Stationary Front, Warm Front, Cold Front & Occluded
   FrontHumidity: Relative Humidity & Dew pointCondensation | Forms of Condensation: Dew, Fog, Frost, Mist | Types of CloudsSmog: Photochemical smog & Sulfurous smogPrecipitation: Types of Precipitation | Types of RainfallThunderstorm | Thunder & Lightning | TornadoTropical Cyclones: Favorable
   Conditions for Formation, Stages of Formation & StructureStorm Surge | Naming of Cyclones | Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of BengalTemperate Cyclones (Mid Latitude Cyclone or Extra tropical cyclones or Frontal Cyclones)Comparison of Tropical Cyclones & Temperate CyclonesEl Nino | ENSO | La
   Nina | El Nino Modoki | Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)Polar Vortex & Ozone Hole (Ozone Depletion)Rainforest Climate (Tropical Evergreen Climate)Monsoon Climate | Monsoon ForestsSavanna Climate (Tropical Wet Dry Climate)Desert Climate | Hot Deserts & Mid-Latitude DesertsSteppe Climate
   (Temperate Grassland Climate)Mediterranean Climate (Western Margin Climate)China Type Climate, Gulf Type Climate & Natal Type ClimateBritish Type Climate (European Maritime Climate)Taiga Climate | Coniferous Forests & LumberingLaurentian Climate | Fishing off Newfoundland & JapanTundra
   Climate (Polar Climate or Arctic Climate) India: Geographical Extent & FrontiersIndian Rock System: Archaean, Purana, Dravidian & Aryan Rock SystemHimalayan Ranges: Shiwaliks, Middle Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Trans-Himalayas & PurvanchalRegional Divisions of Indian HimalayasHimalayas:
   Glaciers, Valleys & SnowlineMajor Mountain Passes in India & HimalayasIndo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain | Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, KhadarDivisions of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra PlainsPeninsular Plateau (Deccan Plateau) | Plateaus in the Peninsular RegionHills of Peninsular India: Aravalis,
   Vindhyas, Satpuras, Western & Eastern GhatsCoastline of India | Coastal Plains of IndiaIndian Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands & New Moore IslandDrainage patterns: Discordant drainage patterns & Concordant Drainage PatternsClassification of Drainage Systems of
   IndiaIndus River System: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & SatlujGanga-Brahmaputra River System: Major Tributaries of The Ganga & BrahmaputraPeninsular River System vs. Himalayan River SystemEast Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna & MahanadiEast Flowing Peninsular Rivers:
   Cauvery, Pennar, Subarnarekha, Ponnaiyar & VaigaiWest Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni & GhaggarMechanism of Indian MonsoonsIndian Monsoon Mechanism: Jet Stream TheoryIndian Monsoons: Role of Tropical Easterly Jet, Tibet, Somali Jet & Indian Ocean
   DipoleIndian Monsoons: South West Monsoons & North East MonsoonsWestern Disturbances | CloudburstIndian Climate | Factors Affecting Indian ClimateIndian Climate: Summer & Winter SeasonsIndian Climate: South West Monsoon SeasonIndian Climate: Retreating Monsoon Season (North East
   Monsoons)Stamp’s & Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of IndiaNatural Vegetation of India: Moist Tropical, Dry Tropical, Montane Sub-tropical, Montane Temperate & Alpine ForestsSoil Types: Sandy, Clayey & Loamy | Soil Profile (Soil Horizon)Factors that influence soil formation in Indian
   ConditionsMajor Soil Types of India: Alluvial Soils & Black SoilsMajor Soil Types of India: Red Soils, Lateritic Soils & Alkaline Soils National Parks and Tiger Reserves of India with Maps Which books to refer to for Geography Optional ? There are actually 8 books that cover almost 80-85% of the syllabus.
   It is updation, enrichment and deeper conceptual clarity that requires more books and coverage of current affairs based questions. Sincerely managing GS goes a long way in helping geography too. Basic books NCERT-XI & XII Made Simple Series by Rupa Publication-Vol-I & II A certificate course in
   geography by Goh Cheng Leong Reference Books Physical Geography- By Savindra Singh (If one wants to avoid specialised books for Physical Geography syllabus. There are 5 specialised books by Savindra Singh have certain specific chapters which are not covered through the above book. Coverage
   of above Physical Geography text book covers almost 80% of the physical geography syllabus). For the other topics of the Physical geography syllabus, one has to refer to about 2-3 chapters from each of the below books: One can take photocopies of the select chapters from libraries and study rather
   than buying these books Geomorphology-By Savindra Singh Oceanography- By Savindra Singh Climatology- By Savindra Singh Environment Geography-By Savindra Singh Biogeography- By Savindra Singh Indian Geography by D R Khullar Human Geography by Majid Hussain Models and theories by
   Majid Hussain Geographical thought by Dixit Geographical thought by Sudipta Adhikary ( A good supplement for Thought topics) NCERT class X text book, (Old Edition) is good for Economic Geography Coverage. It will also help GS geography topics like- World Industries, World Resources distribution
   and trade. Settlement Geography by K Siddhartha Other References: Like in all other subjects, and in GS, students must read up various magazines and current affairs based enrichment. Some of the sources one can be regular with are: Yojna Kurushektra Greagraphy and You NITI Aayog reports
   (particularly, those on Agriculture, Infra, Regional development, Rural development etc) Select UN docs on Population, development & Env. (UNDP is most helpful) About Vajiram & Ravi Information Careers Courses Contact Us
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