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international journal of information and education technology vol 11 no 11 november 2021 blended learning approach in graduate studies a bibliometric analysis from 1997 2021 rusdi omar narentheren kaliappen kamarul ...

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                                     International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2021
                             Blended Learning Approach in Graduate Studies: A 
                                            Bibliometric Analysis from 1997-2021 
                                   Rusdi Omar, Narentheren Kaliappen, Kamarul Azman Khamis, and Dwi Sulisworo 
                                                                                             independently  completing  online  courses  on  an  online 
                  Abstract—Research  on  the  blended  learning  approach  in                 learning platform outside the classroom [5]-[7].  
               graduate studies has started since 1997. Thereafter, researchers                  Recent research shows that there are numerous benefits of 
               in  various  subject  areas  have  widely  investigated  the  term             blended  learning.  For  instance,  individual  students  work 
               blended learning. This paper thus seeks to analyze scientific                  together virtually to learn on their own. Technology-friendly 
               literature,  especially  for  graduate  studies,  published  on  the           learning  enables  students  to  learn  anytime  or  anywhere, 
               blended approach. All the literature published about blended                   without the barriers of time and place but with the possible 
               approach in graduate studies was gathered using the Scopus 
               database.  The  data  was  analyzed  using  Microsoft  Excel.                  support of their personal involvement. Furthermore, blended 
               Standard bibliometric analysis was used to create the growth of                learning helps students and teachers to connect more. Besides, 
               publications and the citation analysis. A total of 801 documents               additional  types  of  learning  activities  can  enhance 
               were found based on the search results. Since 2004, the growth                 engagement and help students attain higher and meaningful 
               rate of literature on blended learning in graduate studies has                 levels [8]. In addition, learners exercise the ability to project 
               accelerated radically. Journal articles and conference papers                  themselves socially and academically into an online research 
               accounted  for  most  of  the  publications,  which  were  mostly 
               written  in  English  and  Spanish.  Most  of  the  studies  were              community.  Importantly,  digital  learning  abilities  are 
               conducted in the fields of social science and computer science.                becoming essential to a lifetime learner and mixed courses 
               E-learning, online learning, collaborative learning and flipped                help students to master the abilities to use a wide range of 
               classroom  were  among  the  most  frequently  used  keywords.                 technologies  [5],  [9]-[11].  The  competence  shifting  along 
               Most of the blended learning research in graduate studies was                  with  technological  developments  in  learning  encourages 
               carried out in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United                   blended  learning  as  a  fundamental  approach  today. 
               States.  This  paper  presents  the  literature's  evolution  in  the 
               blended learning approach in graduate studies and identifies                   Connectedness,  which  gets  stronger  between  people  and 
               current  research  interest  and  the  potential  future  research             specific  activities  that  still  require  direct  face-to-face 
               direction.                                                                     interaction,  makes  blended  learning  a  critical  issue  for 
                                                                                              information technology-based learning. Several studies on 
                  Index     Terms—Blended           learning,     graduate       studies,     blended learning have shown a high impact on the number of 
               postgraduate, bibliometric analysis.                                           citations from other researchers in this field [4], [8]. This 
                                                                                              achievement is an indicator that a study on blended learning 
                                         I.  INTRODUCTION                                     should be more comprehensive. 
                  Blended  learning  combines  conventional  classroom                           Research on the blended learning approach in graduate 
               teaching methods with online learning with the same students                   studies  has  started  since  1997.  Afterward,  researchers  in 
               in the same course who are studying the same material [1],                     various  subject  areas  have  widely  investigated  the  term 
               [2]. Students can also participate in hybrid programs, which                   blended  learning.  However,  studies  related  to  blended 
               incorporate face-to-face and online learning. In other words,                  learning in graduate studies is still low. This study will be 
               blended learning is a term used to provide knowledge and                       critical because the research carried out by graduate students 
               training    experiences  by  combining  face-to-face  and                      is generally an integral part of the research carried out by the 
               technology enabled learning [3], [4].                                          supervisor  or  principal  researcher.  The  big  picture  of  the 
                  During these learning experiences, students do not have to                  research  carried  out  on  graduate  studies  will  indicate  the 
               be in one place physically together but can be connected to                    direction of the research agenda on blended learning going 
               the web on a digital basis. For instance, one blended learning                 forward.  The  research  question  is  how  to  map  blended 
               course  could  involve  learners  who  participate  in  a  lesson              learning research and how future research opportunities in 
               taught  by  a  teacher  in  a  classroom  environment  while                   this field are, especially in graduate studies. Therefore, this 
                                                                                              paper aims to analyze the scientific literature published on the 
                                                                                              blended learning approach, especially in graduate studies, to 
                  Manuscript received March 2, 2021; revised May 6, 2021.                     obtain research maps and conduct research predictions in this 
                  Rusdi Omar, Narentheren Kaliappen, and Kamarul Azman Khamis are             field.  
               with Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, School of International        Bibliometric  analysis  is  described  as  a  statistical 
               Studies  &  Research  Institute  for  Indonesia,  Thailand,  and  Singapore    measurement of published scientific articles, books, or the 
               (UUM-ITS), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia (Corresponding author:          chapters of a book, and it is an effective way to evaluate the 
               Narentheren    Kaliappen    and    Kamarul    Azman  Khamis;  e-mail:          impact of publication in the scientific community [12]-[14].  
               rusdiomar@uum.edu.my,                           narentheren@uum.edu.my, 
               kazman@uum.edu.my).                                                               It  is  also  a  quantitative  technique  for  evaluating  the 
                  Dwi  Sulisworo  is  with  the  Department  of  Educational  Management      structure  of  expertise  and  growth  of  research  fields  by 
               Universitas    Ahmad      Dahlan,    Yogyakarta,     Indonesia     (e-mail:    analyzing relevant publications [15]. This paper then presents 
               dwi.sulisworo@uad.ac.id). 
               doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.11.1563
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                                International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2021
             the findings of the main bibliometric indicators. Finally, this       Table II depicted five different forms of sources. Journals 
             paper  summarizes  the  observations,  discusses  possible         are the most popular, accounting for 70.91 percent, followed 
             research  possibilities,  and  discusses  some  of  the  study's   by  conference  proceedings  (16.85  percent),  books  (8.49 
             limitations.                                                       percent), and book series (3.62 percent). The trade journal 
                                                                                made the least contribution. 
                                  II.  METHODOLOGY                                B.  Years of Publications 
               All the data for this analysis was gathered from Scopus as           The first research on blended learning in graduate studies 
             of February 20, 2021. The Scopus database was used because         was published in 1997 by Rahman (1997) with the paper 
             it is the world's largest single abstract and indexing database,   entitled   “Problem-based      learning    by   undergraduate 
             as well as the world's largest searchable citation and abstract    biochemistry students in the underdeveloped countries”. This 
             source for literature searching [15]. Access type, year, author    study used both undergraduate and postgraduate students as 
             name, subject area, document type, source title, keywords,         its  respondents.  Between  2007  and  2017,  the  number  of 
             affiliation, country, source type, and language were several       related publications grew steadily. Notably, there was a sharp 
             analytical findings obtained from the gathered documents.          increase  from  2018-2020.  In  2021,  13  publications  were 
             We  concentrated  on  all  documents  relating  to  blended        indexed by Scopus as of 20th February 2021. 
             learning that were based on the title of the document for this                                      
             study.  Intrinsically,  the  subsequent  query  was  performed: 
             (TITLE-ABS-KEY  (blended  AND  learning))  AND 
             ((graduate)) AND (postgraduate). A total of 801 documents 
             were obtained based on the search results. 
                
                                     III.  RESULTS 
               A.  Documents and Source Types 
               The  data  was  first  analyzed  to  determine  the  text  and 
             source types. This research discovered nine different types of                        Fig. 1. Number of publications.             
             documents related to blended learning in graduate studies,                                          
             including  an  article,  a  conference  paper,  a  book  chapter     C.  Language  
             review, a conference review, a book, a letter, and a note.            Table III shows that most of the retrieved document were 
             Table I indicates that articles accounted for 65.29 percent of     published in English (94.94%), followed by Spanish (2.59%) 
             all publications, with conference papers accounting for 19.23      and German (1.73%). The findings shows that 10 articles 
             percent. The other types of documents accounted for nearly         were  published  in  dual  language,  which  makes  the  total 
             15.23% of total documents, with each form accounting for           publication shows 811 instead of 801. Portuguese, Turkish, 
             less than 9% of total documents. With less than 1% each, the       Arabic and Persian among the lowest languages published 
             letter and note were the lowest two forms.                         article on blended learning in graduate studies. 
                                             
                                TABLE I: DOCUMENT TYPES                                                          
               Document Type                 Frequency           Percentage                           TABLE III: LANGUAGE 
               Article                          523                65.29           Language                   Frequency            Percentage 
               Conference Paper                 154                19.23 
               Book Chapter                     69                  8.61           English                       770                  94.94 
               Review                           39                  4.87 
               Conference Review                 6                  0.75           Spanish                        21                  2.59 
               Book                              4                  0.50           German                         14                  1.73 
               Editorial                         4                  0.50 
               Letter                            1                  0.12           Portuguese                     2                   0.25 
               Note                              1                  0.12           Turkish                        2                   0.25 
               Total                            801                100.00 
                                                                                   Arabic                         1                   0.12 
                                 TABLE II: SOURCE TYPES                            Persian                        1                   0.12 
               Source Type                     Frequency         Percentage 
               Journal                            568               70.91          Total                         811                 100.00 
               Conference Proceeding              135               16.85                                        
               Book                                68               8.49          D.  Subject Area 
               Book Series                         29               3.62           Most of the studies on blended learning were in social 
               Trade Journal                       1                0.12        science representing 39.44%, followed by computer science 
               Total                              801              100.00       (17.59%) and medicine (11.41%). The other subject areas in 
                                                                                blended learning in graduate studies are shown in Table IV. 
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                                                           International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2021
                                                             TABLE IV: SUBJECT AREA                                                                  bibliometric networks, was used to map the author keywords 
                            Subject area                                                      Document                Percentage                     [16]. Fig. 2 displays a color-coded network visualization of 
                            Social Sciences                                                           491                    39.44                   the  author  keywords.  Keywords of the same colour were 
                            Computer Science                                                          219                    17.59                   often grouped together.  
                            Medicine                                                                  142                    11.41                       As  a  result,  keywords  like  blended  learning,  higher 
                            Engineering                                                                76                     6.10                   education,  online  learning,  active  learning,  interactive 
                                                                                                                                                     learning, flipped classroom, and pedagogy have a common 
                            Nursing                                                                    62                     4.98                   colour (red) in this study, showing that they have a close 
                            Business, Management and                                                   53                     4.26                   relationship and often co-occur. 
                            Accounting                                                                                                                   Blended learning, e-learning, higher education, and online 
                            Arts and Humanities                                                        26                     2.09                   learning were the main four keywords used based on the 
                            Mathematics                                                                21                     1.69                   number of occurrences. Table V shows the top 15 keywords 
                            Dentistry                                                                  20                     1.61                   with minimum 10 occurrences. 
                            Physics and Astronomy                                                      20                     1.61                       
                            Psychology                                                                 17                     1.37 
                            Decision Sciences                                                          14                     1.12 
                             Health Professions                                                          4                    1.12 
                             Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular                                      12                     0.96 
                             Biology 
                             Economics, Econometrics and                                               12                     0.96 
                             Finance 
                             Environmental Science                                                     11                     0.88 
                             Pharmacology, Toxicology and                                               7                     0.56 
                             Pharmaceutics 
                             Agricultural and Biological Sciences                                       5                     0.40 
                             Energy                                                                     4                     0.32 
                             Materials Science                                                          4                     0.32                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                              Fig. 2. Keyword analysis. 
                             Chemical Engineering                                                       3                     0.24                                                                                 
                             Multidisciplinary                                                          3                     0.24                      F.  Geographical Distribution  
                             Neuroscience                                                               3                     0.24                                                                               
                             Chemistry                                                                  2                     0.16                                                           TABLE VI: COUNTRIES  
                             Veterinary                                                                 2                     0.16                         No               Country                                       Documents                      Citations 
                             Earth and Planetary Sciences                                               1                     0.08                         1              United Kingdom                                        155                         1892 
                             Immunology and Microbiology                                                1                     0.08                         2              Australia                                             125                         1393 
                                                                                                                                                           3              United States                                          71                          882 
                           E.  Keyword Analysis                                                                                                            4              Netherlands                                            19                          493 
                                                                                                                                                           5              Canada                                                 22                          432 
                                                     TABLE V: KEYWORD OCCURRENCES                                                                          6              Germany                                                44                          399 
                                  No                      Keyword                                        Occurrences                                       7              Ireland                                                26                          391 
                                  1                       blended learning                                      333                                        8              Belgium                                                16                          320 
                                  2                       e-learning                                            115                                        9              Greece                                                 19                          299 
                                  3                       higher education                                       41                                        10             Malaysia                                               36                          239 
                                  4                       online learning                                        37                                        11             China                                                  17                          216 
                                  5                       education                                              33                                        12             South Africa                                           29                          195 
                                  6                       medical education                                      28                                        13             India                                                  21                          179 
                                  7                       distance learning                                      22                                        14             Taiwan                                                  9                          159 
                                  8                       learning                                               22                                        15             New Zealand                                            14                          129 
                                  9                       collaborative learning                                 15                                        16             Spain                                                  31                          118 
                                  10                      flipped classroom                                      14                                        17             Saudi Arabia                                            8                          109 
                                  11                      teaching                                               12                                        18             Portugal                                                8                          100 
                                  12                      blended                                                11                                        19             Singapore                                              16                           94 
                                  13                      active learning                                        10                                        20             Switzerland                                             7                           92 
                                  14                      pedagogy                                               10                                                                                              
                                  15                      training                                               10                                      The Scopus publication documents contained researches 
                                                                                                                                                     from 42 countries. Table VI lists the top 20 countries that 
                            VOSviewer, a software tool for creating and envisioning                                                                  contributed  to  blended  learning  publications  for  graduate 
                                                                                                                                              548
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                    International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2021
                    students. With 155 documents, the United Kingdom came in                                                      M.P. (2012) from British Journal of Surgery received the 
                    first,  followed  by  Australia,  which  had  125.  The  United                                               highest  citation  in  Scopus  database  with  totalling  to  304, 
                    States is in the third place with 71 documents, Germany is in                                                 followed by “Research focus and methodological choices in 
                    the fourth place with 44 documents, and Malaysia is in the                                                    studies  into  students'  experiences  of  blended  learning  in 
                    fifth place with 36 documents.                                                                                higher education” by Bliuc A.-M., Goodyear P., Ellis R.A. 
                         In terms of citation, the United Kingdom is first with 1892,                                             (2007)  from  Internet  and  Higher  Education  received  245 
                    followed by Australia with 1393, the United States with 882,                                                  citations which made it the second highest. Meanwhile article 
                    the Netherlands with 493, and Canada with 432.                                                                entitled  “The  effectiveness  of  blended  learning  in  health 
                       G.  Top Authors and Affiliations                                                                           professions: Systematic review and meta-analysis” written 
                         Table VII and Table VIII indicate the top 10 authors and                                                 by Liu Q., Peng W., Zhang F., Hu R., Li Y., Yan W. (2016) 
                    top  10  affiliation  which  produced  more  publications  on                                                 received third highest citation with 146 in total. 
                    blended learning in graduate studies.  The findings show that                                                  
                                                                                                                                           TABLE VIV: TOP 20 CITED ARTICLES IN BLENDED LEARNING  
                    Ilic, D. from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia were                                                    No      Authors               Title                          Year      Source                   Cited  
                    among the top author who published 6 documents on blended                                                     1       Graafland     M.,     Systematic review of           2012      British  Journal  of     303 
                                                                                                                                          Schraagen J.M.,       serious games for                        Surgery 
                    learning.                                                                                                             Schijven M.P.         medical education and 
                         Meanwhile,  in  terms  of  affiliation  The  University  of                                                                            surgical skills training. 
                                                                                                                                  2       Bliuc     A.-M.,      Research focuses and           2007      Internet         and     245 
                    Sydney  is  at  the  top  with  13  documents  among  the                                                             Goodyear       P.,    methodological choices                   Higher Education 
                    universities that published on blended learning.                                                                      Ellis R.A.            in studies into students' 
                                                                                                                                                                experiences of blended 
                                                                                                                                                                learning in higher 
                                        TABLE VII: TOP AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS                                                                                 education. 
                                                                                                                                  3       Liu  Q.,  Peng        The effectiveness of           2016      Journal of               146 
                    No       Authors                                  Affiliation                         Documents                       W.,  Zhang  F.,       blended learning in                      Medical Internet 
                                                                                                                                          Hu  R.,  Li  Y.,      health professions:                      Research 
                    1        Ilic, D.                Monash University, Melbourne,                               6                        Yan W.                Systematic review and 
                                                     Australia                                                                                                  meta-analysis. 
                    2        Hamilton, J.            James Cook University,                                      5                4       Owston         R.,    Student perceptions            2013      Internet and             140 
                                                     Townsville, Australia                                                                York          D.,     and achievement in a                     Higher Education 
                    3        Tee, S.                 James Cook University,                                      5                        Murtha S.             university blended 
                                                                                                                                                                learning strategic 
                                                     Townsville, Australia                                                                                      initiative. 
                    4        Caravias, V.            Swinburne University of                                     4                5       Herrington     J.,    Authentic learning             2014      Handbook of              138 
                                                     Technology, Melbourne, Australia                                                     Reeves      T.C.,     environments.                            Research on 
                    5        Dias, S.B.              Faculdade de Motricidade Humana,                            4                        Oliver R.                                                      Educational 
                                                     Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,                                                                                                                     Communications 
                                                                                                                                                                                                         and Technology: 
                                                     Portugal                                                                                                                                            Fourth Edition 
                    6        Diniz, J.A.             Faculdade de Motricidade Humana,                            4                6       Choules A.P.          The use of e-learning in       2007      Postgraduate             137 
                                                     Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,                                                                            medical education: A                     Medical Journal 
                                                     Portugal                                                                                                   review of the current 
                                                                                                                                                                situation. 
                    7        Graham, C.R.            Brigham Young University, Provo,                            4                7       Thai N.T.T., De       The impact of a flipped        2017      Computers and            129 
                                                     United States                                                                        Wever          B.,    classroom design on                      Education 
                    8        Spring, K.J.            Brigham Young University, Provo,                            4                        Valcke M.             learning performance 
                                                     United States                                                                                              in higher education: 
                    9        Valcke, M.              Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium                           4                                              Looking for the best 
                                                                                                                                                                “blend” of lectures and 
                    10       Wichadee, S.            Bangkok University, Bangkok,                                4                                              guiding questions with 
                                                     Thailand                                                                                                   feedback. 
                                                                                                                                  8       de                    Self-determined                2010      Higher Education         117 
                                                                                                                                          George-Walker         blended learning: A                      Research and 
                                                  TABLE VIII: TOP UNIVERSITIES                                                            L., Keeffe M.         case study of blended                    Development 
                    No             Affiliation                                                            Document                                              learning design. 
                                                                                                                                  9       Kelly M., Lyng        A multi-method study           2009      Nurse Education          105 
                       1        The University of Sydney                                                     13                           C., McGrath M.,       to determine the                         Today 
                                                                                                                                          Cannon G.             effectiveness of, and 
                       2        Monash University                                                            10                                                 student attitudes to, 
                                                                                                                                                                online instructional 
                       3        Griffith University                                                          10                                                 videos for teaching 
                                                                                                                                                                clinical nursing skills. 
                       4        Deakin University                                                            9                    10      Harden     R.M.,      An international virtual       2002      Medical Teacher          101 
                                                                                                                                          Hart I.R.             medical school 
                       5        University of Cape Town                                                      8                                                  (IVIMEDS): The future 
                                                                                                                                                                for medical education? 
                       6        James Cook University                                                        8                    11      Kintu M.J., Zhu       Blended learning               2017      International            99 
                                                                                                                                          C., Kagambe E.        effectiveness: the                       Journal of 
                       7        Swinburne University of Technology                                           8                                                  relationship between                     Educational 
                                                                                                                                                                student characteristics,                 Technology in 
                       8        University of South Australia                                                8                                                  design features and                      Higher Education 
                       9        Nanyang Technological University                                             7                                                  outcomes. 
                                                                                                                                  12      Tselios       N.,     Assessing the                  2011      Educational              94 
                    10          Rheinisch-Westfälische  Technische  Hochschule                               7                            Daskalakis     S.,    acceptance of a blended                  Technology and 
                                                                                                                                          Papadopoulou          learning university                      Society 
                                Aachen                                                                                                    M.                    course. 
                                                                                                                                  13      Shaffer K.,           Blended learning in            2004      Academic                 89 
                                                                                                                                          Small J.E.            medical education: Use                   Radiology 
                       H.  Citation Analysis                                                                                                                    of an integrated 
                                                                                                                                                                approach with 
                         The highest twenty cited articles in blended learning are                                                                              web-based small group 
                                                                                                                                                                modules and didactic 
                    recorded  in  Table  VIV.  An  article  entitled  “Systematic                                                                               instruction for teaching 
                    review of serious games for medical education and surgical                                                                                  radiologic anatomy. 
                    skills training” by Graafland M., Schraagen J.M., Schijven 
                                                                                                                            549
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...International journal of information and education technology vol no november blended learning approach in graduate studies a bibliometric analysis from rusdi omar narentheren kaliappen kamarul azman khamis dwi sulisworo independently completing online courses on an abstract research the platform outside classroom has started since thereafter researchers recent shows that there are numerous benefits various subject areas have widely investigated term for instance individual students work this paper thus seeks to analyze scientific together virtually learn their own friendly literature especially published enables anytime or anywhere all about without barriers time place but with possible was gathered using scopus database data analyzed microsoft excel support personal involvement furthermore standard used create growth helps teachers connect more besides publications citation total documents additional types activities can enhance were found based search results engagement help attain ...

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