Class Notes 
                  Class:  XI                                                 Topic: MEANING OF STATISTICS 
                                                                             SINGULAR AND PLURAL SENSE 
                  Subject:  ECONOMICS                                        CHARECTERISTICS OF PLURAL SENSE 
                                                                             CHARECTERISTICS OF SINGULAR SENSE. 
                   
                  MEANING OF STATISTICS: 
                              Statistics has been explained under 1) PLURAL SENSE         and       2) SINGULAR SENSE. 
                  PLURAL SENSE:  Meaning of Statistics in plural sense is the collection of numerical facts. 
                               Definition of Statistics in Plural Sense – It means aggregate of facts affected to a marked 
                              extent by multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according 
                              to reasonable standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic manner for predetermined 
                              purpose and placed in relation to each other. 
                  SINGULAR SENSE: 
                                   Meaning of Statistics in Singular Sense – It deals with the collection, presentation, analysis 
                                   and interpretation of quantitative information. 
                  CHARACTERISTICS OF STATISTICS IN PLURAL SENSE; 
                       1.  AGGREGATE OF FACTS: 
                  Statistics are a number of facts. Single and isolated figures are not statistics because they cannot be compared 
                       2.  STATISTICS ARE NUMERICALLY EXPRESSED: 
                   Statistics means data , which is always expressed in numerical and quantitative form. 
                       3.  STATISTICS SHOULD BE COLLECTED WITH REASONABLE STANDARD OF ACCURACY: 
                  The data should be collected with some reasonable standard of accuracy so that when generalized  the  
                  results are accurate and  have some specific standard.  
                       4.  STATISTICS ARE COLLECTED FOR A PRE-DETERMINED PURPOSE: 
                  The purpose of collecting statistical data must be decided in advance, otherwise the usefulness of the data 
                  collected may not be served properly. Data is collected according to the purpose of its collection. 
                       5.  STATISTICS ARE COLLECTED IN A SYSYTEMATIC MANNER: 
                     To make the data more reliable, accurate and useful it is necessary to collect the data in a systematic 
                  manner. 
                       6.  STATISTICS SHOULD BE PLACED IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER 
                       Data is collected with the purpose of comparison. For this the data collected should be homogeneous  
                  and suitable for comparison. The mark of two students, the profits of two firms, the economic status   
                  of two countries etc. can be compared easily. 
                  CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGULAR SENSE: 
                       1.  COLLECTION OF DATA: 
                  This is the first and the main step in a statistical enquiry. Which method of collection of data is to be used 
                  depends upon the objective of the study. 
                       2.  ORGANISATION OF DATA: 
                  After collection , the data is to be properly organized and arranged as per the requirement  which requires  
                  editing and classification of data. 
                       3.  PRESENTATION OF DATA: 
                  After classification , the data is presented in a suitable manner in the form of schedules, tables, graphs or  
                  Diagrams. 
                       4.  ANALYSIS OF DATA; 
                  After presentation , the data is analysed using some mathematical methods like, central tendency,  
                  Correlation, dispersion etc. 
                       5.  INTERPRETATION OF DATA: 
                   The last step is to draw the results. It includes statistical thinking, skill and experience, so that meaningful  
                  results can be drawn from the analysed data. 
                  IMPORTANT TERMS: 
                       1.   QUANTITAVE VARIABLES 
                                                     The variables which can be expressed in numerical terms and which can be 
                                                      measured  are called Quantitative variables, like number of students etc.  
                       2.  QUALITATIVE VARIABLES:              
                                                     The variable which cannot be expressed in numerical terms  are Called quanlitative 
                                                     variables, like honesty, beauty etc. 
                       3.  STATISTICAL ENQUIRY: 
                                                     Statistical enquiry means statistical examination done with some specific objective or  
                                                     goal.  
                          The person who conducts the investigation is called investigator 
                          The person who collects the data is called enumerator  
                          The person who gives information for the statistical investigation is called respondent. 
                  Note: Supplement this content with a reading of the book and prepare notes in your copy. 
                                                    THIS CONTENT WAS COMPLETELY DEVELOPED FROM HOME.   MGN.