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                                                                         Internal	medicine	short	notes	pdf
                                                                                   Internal	medicine	short	notes	pdf.
  Dealing	medical	specialties	with	adult	diseases	Redirect	"Internnist"	here.	For	the	internal	doctor,	see	Stage	(Medicine).	Internal	medicine	or	general	internal	medicine	(in	Commonwealth	nations)	is	the	medical	specialties	that	deals	with	the	prevention,	diagnosis	and	treatment	of	internal	diseases.	Doctors	specialized	in	internal	medicine	are	called
  internists,	or	doctors	(without	a	modifier)	​​in	Commonwealth	countries.	Internists	are	experts	in	the	management	of	patients	who	have	undifferentiated	or	multisystem	pathological	processes.	Care	internists	for	hospitalized	and	outpatient	patients	and	can	play	an	important	role	in	teaching	and	research.	Internal	medicine	and	family	medicine	are	often
  confused	as	equivalent	in	Commonwealth	countries	(see	below).	As	internal	medicine	patients	are	often	seriously	ill	or	require	complex	surveys,	internists	make	much	of	their	work	in	hospitals.	Internists	often	have	subspeciality	interests	in	diseases	that	affect	special	organs	or	organs.	Internal	medicine	is	also	a	specialty	within	clinical	pharmacy	and
  veterinary	medicine.	Etymology	and	historical	development	The	etymology	of	internal	medicine	term	in	English	is	rooted	in	the	German	term	Medizin	in	the	middle	of	the	19th	century.	[1]	Internal	medicine	was	initially	characterized	by	the	determination	of	the	"internal"	or	pathological	causes	of	symptoms	and	syndromes	for	use	of	laboratory
  investigations	in	addition	to	the	bed	clinical	assessment	of	patients.	On	the	contrary,	doctors	in	previous	generations,	such	as	the	17th	century	doctor	Thomas	Sydenham,	who	is	known	as	the	father	of	English	medicine	or	"English	Hippocrates",	had	developed	nosology	(the	study	of	diseases)	through	the	Clinical	approach	of	diagnosis	and
  management,	from	a	careful	studio	bedside	table	in	natural	history	of	diseases	and	their	treatment.	[2]	Sydenham	avoided	dissection	of	the	corpses	and	control	of	the	internal	mechanisms	of	the	body,	to	consider	the	internal	mechanisms	and	causes	of	symptoms.	[3]	It	was	therefore	after	the	17th	century	that	there	was	an	increase	in	the	pathology
  anatomical	and	laboratory	studies,	with	Giovanni	Battista	Morgagni,	anatomist	of	the	18th	century,	is	considered	the	father	of	anatomical	pathology.	[4]	The	laboratory	investigations	became	more	and	more	important,	with	the	contribution	of	doctors,	including	the	German	doctor	and	bacteriologist	Robert	Koch	in	the	19th	century.	[5]	The	19th
  century	saw	the	rise	of	internal	medicine	that	combined	the	clinical	approach	with	the	use	of	investigations.	[6]	Many	American	20th	century	doctors	studied	medicine	in	Germany	and	brought	this	medical	field	to	the	United	States.	Thus,	the	name	of	"internal	medicine"	has	been	adopted	to	imitate	the	existing	German	term.	[7]	Historically,	some	of
  the	oldest	traces	of	internal	medicine	can	be	made	from	ancient	India	and	ancient	China.	[8]	Ancient	texts	of	internal	medicine	are	the	Ayurvedic	Antologies	of	Charaka.	[9]	Role	of	internal	medicine	Doctors	Specialists	of	internal	medicine,	also	known	as	specialists	in	general	internal	medicine	or	general	practitioners	in	Commonwealth	countries,	[10]
  are	medical	specialists	formed	to	manage	particularly	complex	or	multisistemical	disease	conditions	that	specialists	Organ	from	unique	disease	cannot	be	trained	to	do	with.	[11]	They	can	be	invited	to	address	indifferentiated	presentations	that	cannot	be	easily	mounted	inside	the	know-how	of	a	single	organ	specialty,	[12]	such	as	dyspnea,	fatigue,
  weight	loss,	thoracic	pain,	confusion	or	the	State	change	of	consciousness.	[13]	They	can	manager	of	serious	acute	diseases	that	affect	various	organs	simultaneously	in	a	single	patient,	and	can	manage	more	chronic	diseases	or	"comorbidity"	that	a	single	patient	can	have.	[14]	General	Specialists	of	internal	do	not	necessarily	provide	less	experience
  of	single-body	specialists,	on	the	other	hand,	are	trained	for	a	specific	role	of	care	for	patients	with	multiple	simultaneous	problems	or	complex	complexes	Perhaps	because	it	is	complex	to	explain	the	treatment	of	diseases	that	are	not	localized	to	a	single	organ,	there	was	no	confusion	about	the	meaning	of	internal	medicine	and	the	role	of	an
  "internist".	[16]	Internists	are	qualified	doctors	with	post-graduate	training	in	internal	medicine	and	should	not	be	confused	with	"interns",	[17]	that	are	the	doctors	in	their	first	year	of	residence	formation	(officially	the	term	internship	is	no	longer	in	use).	[18]	[19]	Although	internists	can	act	as	basic	doctors,	they	are	not	"family	doctors",	"family
  doctors",	or	"basic	doctors",	or	"GPS",	whose	training	is	not	concentrated	Exclusively	on	adults	and	can	include	surgery,	obstetrics,	and	pediatrics.	The	American	College	of	Physicians	defines	internists	as	"doctors	who	specialize	in	the	prevention,	identification	and	treatment	of	diseases	in	adults".	[20]	Education	and	training	of	internists	Main	article:
  Medical	training	The	training	and	career	paths	for	internists	vary	considerably	all	over	the	world.	Many	programs	require	previous	university	training	before	hospitalization	of	medicine.	This	"pre-doctor"	education	is	generally	four	or	five	years	in	length.	Degree	medical	education	programs	vary	in	length	from	country	to	country.	Medical	education
  programs	are	tertiary	level	courses,	assumed	at	a	medical	school	connected	to	a	university.	In	the	United	States,	the	medical	school	has	been	composed	of	four	years.	Thus,	acquiring	a	basic	medical	training	can	typically	take	eight	years,	depending	on	competence	and	university.	Following	the	completion	of	the	basic	level	training,	doctors	graduates
  are	often	necessary	to	carry	out	a	supervised	practice	period	before	the	issue	of	authorizations,	or	registration,	generally	one	or	two	years	is	generally	granted.	This	period	can	be	defined	as	a	"stage",	"recording	with	reserve",	or	"foundation	program".	Then,	doctors	can	finally	follow	specialist	training	in	internal	medicine,	if	they	wish,	usually	be
  selected	for	training	programs	through	competition.	In	North	America,	this	post-graduate	training	period	is	referred	to	as	a	training	residence,	followed	by	an	optional	scholarship	if	the	internist	decides	to	train	in	a	subspecialty.	In	the	United	States	and	in	most	countries,	the	training	of	residence	for	internal	medicine	lasts	three	years	and	centers	on
  the	secondary	and	tertiary	level	of	care.	In	the	Commonwealth	countries	trainees	are	often	called	high-level	home	agents	for	four	years	after	the	completion	of	their	degree	in	medicine	(foundation	and	nucleus	years).	After	this	period,	they	are	able	to	advance	to	the	Registrar	degree	when	they	are	subjected	to	mandatory	subspecialty	formation
  (including	acute	internal	medicine	or	a	double	subspecialty	including	internal	medicine).	This	latter	phase	of	training	is	obtained	through	competition	and	not	only	from	annual	progress	as	the	first	years	of	post-graduate	training.	[21]	[22]	The	certification	of	specialists	in	the	United	States,	three	organizations	are	responsible	for	certifying	internists
  formed	(for	example,	doctors	who	completed	a	program	of	accredited	residence	training)	in	terms	of	knowledge,	ability	and	attitudes	that	They	are	essential	for	excellent	patient	care:	the	Board	of	Internal	Medicine,	the	Osteopathic	Board	of	Internal	Medicine	American	and	the	Certification	Council	in	Internal	Medicine.	Subspecialties	The	examples
  and	prospects	in	this	section	cannot	represent	a	global	view	of	the	subject.	You	can	improve	this	section,	discuss	the	question	on	the	discussion	page,	or	to	create	a	new	section,	depending	on	the	case.	(December	2010)	(More	information	on	how	and	when	removing	this	template	message)	United	States	in	the	United	States,	two	They	are	responsible
  for	the	certification	of	Subspecialists	within	the	field:	the	American	board	of	internal	medicine	and	the	Osteopathic	Board	of	Internal	Medicine	American.	The	doctors	(not	only	internists),	who	successfully	exceed	board	exams	receive	the	status	of	"border	certificate".	Board	of	Internal	Medicine	American	below	are	reported	recognized	by	the
  American	Board	of	Internal	Medicine.	[23]	Adolescent	Medicine	Allergy,	Asthma	and	Immunology,	deals	with	the	diagnosis,	treatment	and	management	of	allergies,	asthma	and	immune	disorders.	[24]	Cardiology,	dealing	with	disorders	of	the	heart	and	blood	*	critical	care	clinical	cardiac	electrophysiology	vessels	of	Endocrinology	medicine,	dealing
  with	disorders	of	the	endocrine	system	and	its	specific	secretions	called	hormones	Gastroenterology,	concerned	with	the	field	of	diseases	digestive	geriatrics	Hematology,	concerned	with	blood,	blood-forming	organs	and	its	disorders.	Hospital	medicine	Infectious	disease,	concerned	with	disease	caused	by	a	biological	agent	such	as	by	a	virus,
  bacterium	or	parasite	Interventional	Cardiology	Medical	oncology,	dealing	with	the	chemotherapeutic	(chemical)	and	/	or	treatment	immunotherapy	(immunological)	of	Nephrology	cancer,	dealing	with	the	study	of	the	function	and	diseases	of	the	kidney	Pulmonology,	dealing	with	diseases	of	the	lungs	and	respiratory	tract	Rheumatology,	devoted	to
  the	diagnosis	and	therapy	of	rheumatic	diseases	Sleep	medicine	sports	medicine	transplant	hepatology	American	college	of	Osteopathic	Internists	American	college	of	Osteopathic	Internists	recognizes	the	following	specializations:	[25]	Allergy	/	Immunology	Cardiology	Critical	care	medicine	Endocrinology	Gastroenterology	Geriatrics	Hematology	/
  Oncology	infectious	diseases	Nephrology	nuclear	medicine	palliative	medicine	Pneumology	Rheumatology	Sleep	medicine	United	Kingdom	In	the	UK,	the	three	doctors	Royal	Colleges	(th	and	Royal	College	of	Physicians	of	London,	the	Royal	College	of	Physicians	of	Edinburgh	and	the	Royal	College	of	Physicians	and	Surgeons	of	Glasgow)	are
  responsible	for	setting	curricula	and	training	programs	through	postgraduate	Council	joint	training	Royal	Colleges	(JRCPTB),	although	the	process	is	monitored	and	accredited	by	the	General	Medical	Council	(which	also	keeps	the	specialist	register).	The	doctors	who	have	completed	medical	school	spend	two	years	in	training	foundation	completing	a
  postgraduate	core	curriculum.	After	two	years	of	medical	training	Core	(CT1	/	CT2)	and	reach	the	membership	of	the	Royal	College	of	Physicians,	doctors	are	committed	to	one	of	the	medical	specialties:	[26]	acute	medicine	(with	possible	credits	in	medicine	stroke	or	pre-hospital	emergency	medicine)	audiovestibular	Allergy	medicine	Cardiology	(with
  possible	accreditation	in	medicine	stroke)	clinical	genetics	clinical	neurophysiology	clinical	and	therapeutic	pharmacology	(with	possible	accreditation	in	medicine	stroke)	and	diabetes	mellitus	Endocrinology	Dermatology	Gastroenterology	(with	possible	accreditation	in	hepatology)	General	()	medicine	internal	(with	possible	accreditation	in	metabolic
  medicine	or	medicine	stroke)	genitourinary	geriatric	medicine	(with	possible	accreditation	in	medicine	stroke)	medical	oncology	Immunology	infectious	diseases	(clinical	or	radiation	oncology	within	the	Royal	college	of	Radiologists,	although	entrance	is	through	CMT's	MRCP	request)	OPHT	Medical	halmology	Neurology	(With	possible	accreditation
  in	medicine	stroke)	Nuclear	Medicine	Pediatric	Cardiology	(only	pediatric	subspecialty	not	under	the	Royal	College	of	Paediatrics	and	Child	Health)	Palliative	Medicine	pharmaceutical	medicine	rehabilitation	medicine	(with	possible	accreditation	in	medicine	stroke)	Kidney	Diseases	Respiratory	Diseases	Rheumatology	Sports	Many	tropical	medicine
  and	operating	medical	education	programs	provide	dual	accreditation	with	primary	care	(internal)	and	are	involved	in	the	general	care	for	hospitalized	patients.	These	are	acute	medicine,	cardiology,	clinical	pharmacology	and	therapy,	endocrinology	and	diabetes	mellitus,	gastroenterology,	infectious	diseases,	kidney	medicine,	medicine	And	often,
  rheumatology.	The	role	of	general	medicine,	after	a	period	of	decline,	was	it	was	From	the	Royal	College	of	Physicians	of	London	Ratio	of	the	Hospital	Future	Commission	(2013).	[27]	Diagnosis	and	medical	medical	treatment	focuses	mainly	on	the	art	of	diagnosis	and	treatment	with	drugs,	but	many	subspecialties	administer	procedural	treatment:
  cardiology:	angioplasty,	cardioversion,	cardiac	ablation,	intra-aortic	critical	critical	care	medicine	balloon	:	Mechanical	Gastroenterology	ventilation:	Endoscopy	and	ERCP	Nephrology:	Dialysis	Pneumology:	Bronchoscopy	See	also	Royal	Portal	Medicine	Australasian	College	of	Physicians	Royal	College	of	Physicians	and	Surgeons	of	Canada	References
  ^	Echenberg,	D.	(2007).	"A	history	of	internal	medicine:	medical	specialization:	old	as	antiquity".	Rev	Med	Suisse.	3	(135):	2737Ã	¢	9.	PMIDA	18214228.	^	Meynell,	G.G.	(2006).	"John	Locke	and	the	preface	of	Thomas	Sydenham	Observationes	Medicae".	Medical	History.	50	(1):	93	bis	110.	doi:	10,1017	/	S0025727300009467.	PMCA	1369015.	PMIDA
  16502873.	^	"Restored	to	life:	explore	the	history	of	medicine:	Thomas	Sydenham	(1624-1689)".	Science	Museum,	London.	Abstract	17	May	2017.	^	Morgagnu,	G.B.	(1903).	"Founders	of	modern	medicine:	Giovanni	Battista	Morgagni	(1682Ã	¢	1771).".	Historical	medical	library	and	magazine.	1	(4):	277	270a.	PMCA	1698114.	PMIDA	18340813.	^
  "Robert	Koch".	British	encyclopaedia.	Abstract	26	June	2017.	^	Berger,	Darlene	(1999).	"A	brief	history	of	the	medical	diagnosis	and	the	birth	of	the	clinical	laboratory:	part	1a	ancient	times	through	the	19th	century"	(PDF).	MLO	Med	Lab	OBS.	31	(7):	28a	30,	32,	34a	40.	PMIDA	10539661.	Abstract	2018/06/26.	^	Echenberg,	D.	(2007).	"A	history	of
  internal	medicine:	medical	specialization:	old	as	antiquity".	Rev	Med	Suisse.	3	(135):	2737Ã	¢	9.	PMIDA	18214228.	^	United	States.	Health	Department	and	Human	Services.	Physical	activity	and	health:	a	surgeon	general	report.	P.ã,	12.	^	Frank	Joseph	Goes.	The	eye	in	history.	JP	Medical	Ltd.	P.ã,	93.	^	Poole,	Philippa.	"Restoring	balance	-	the
  importance	of	general	medicine	in	the	New	Zealand	health	system".	Internal	medicine	Society	of	Australia	and	New	Zealand.	Extract	27	June	2018.	^	"General	and	Acute	Care	Medicine".	Royal	Australasian	College	of	Physicians.	Extract	27	June	2018.	^	Lowe,	j.;	Candlish,	p.;	Henry,	d.;	Wlodarcyk,	j.;	Fletcher,	P.	(2000).	"Specialist	or	Generalist	Care?
  A	study	of	a	policy	impact	by	admitting	selective	for	patients	with	heart	failure".	Int	j	Qualt	health	care.	12	(4):	339a	45.	doi:	10.1093	/	intqhc	/	12.4.339.	PMIDA	10985273.	^	POOLE,	PHILIPPA.	"Restoring	balance	-	the	importance	of	general	medicine	in	the	New	Zealand	health	system".	Internal	medicine	Society	of	Australia	and	New	Zealand.	Extract
  27	June	2018.	^	"General	and	Acute	Care	Medicine".	Royal	Australasian	College	of	Physicians.	Extract	27	June	2018.	^	Lowe,	j.;	Candlish,	p.;	Henry,	d.;	Wlodarcyk,	j.;	Fletcher,	P.	(2000).	"Specialist	or	Generalist	Care?	A	study	of	a	policy	impact	by	admitting	selective	for	patients	with	heart	failure".	Int	j	Qualt	health	care.	12	(4):	339a	45.	doi:	10.1093
  /	intqhc	/	12.4.339.	PMIDA	10985273.	^	Freeman,	Brian	S.	(2012).	The	final	guide	for	choosing	a	medical	specialties	(3rdã,	ed.).	New	York:	McGRAW-HILL	MEDICAL.	pp.ã,	229	250.	IsbnÃ,	978-0071790277.	^	Arneson,	J;	McDonald,	WJ	(July	1998).	"Can	we	educate	the	public	about	internal	medicine?	The	first	results".	The	American	Journal	of
  Medicine.	105	(1):	1a	5.	doi:	10.1016	/	s0002-9343	(98)	00.220-4.	PMIDA	9688013.	^	"What	is	an	internist	-	adult	doctors".	American	College	of	Physicians.	Abstract	4	Apr	2012.	^	"Glossary"	(PDF).	Tops.	June	28,	2011.	Filed	by	the	original	(PDF),	November	15,	2012.	Extract	2	December	2012.	^	"ACP:	About	Us".	American	College	of	Physicians.
  Abstract	2011-03-30.	^	Freeman	2012,	pp.ã,	236	^	Schierhorn,	Carolyn	(6	December	2012).	"Like	the	puzzle	Diagnosis?	Internal	medicine	can	be	for	you	".	The	doing.	Archived	from	the	original	on	October	20,	2013.	^"	Abim.org	".	Recovered	recovered	^	"Aaaai.org".	Recovered	2015-07-08.	^	^	Https://www.acoi.org/membership/subspecialty-section-
  membership	"Approved	specialties	and	subspecialty	training	curricula	from	the	Royal	College".	General	Medical	Council.	Abstract	3	February	2014.	^	"The	future	hospital:	care	for	medical	patients"	(PDF).	Royal	College	of	Physicians.	Abstract	3	February	2014.	Further	reading	Goldman,	Lee	(April	15,	2001).	"The	main	challenges	facing	internal
  medicine	in	the	early	twenty-first	century".	The	American	Journal	of	Medicine.	110	(6):	463a	470.	doi:	10.1016	/	s0002-9343	(01)	00.649-0.	PMIDA	11331058.	Meltzer,	David;	Manning,	WG;	Morrison,	J;	Shah,	MN;	Jin,	L;	Guth,	t;	Levinson,	W	(December	3,	2002).	"Effects	of	medical	experience	on	costs	and	results	on	a	general	academic	medicine
  service:	results	of	a	hospitalists".	Annals	of	Internal	Medicine.	137	(11):	866Ã	¢	74.	doi:	10,7326	/	0003-4819-137-11-200212030-00007.	PMIDA	12458986.	S2CIDÃ,	31987327.	Salerno,	Stephen	M;	Landry,	Francis	J;	Kaboli,	Peter	J	(Feb	1,	2001).	"Patient	perceptions	The	functionalities	of	internists:	a	multi-center	survey".	The	American	Journal	of
  Medicine.	110	(2):	111a	117.	doi:	10.1016	/	s0002-9343	(00)	00.666-5.	PMIDA	11165552.	SOX,	HAROLD	C	(15	June	2001).	"Offer,	question,	and	the	workforce	of	internal	medicine".	The	American	Journal	of	Medicine.	110	(9):	745a	749.	doi:	10.1016	/	s0002-9343	(01)	00.756-2.	Pmida	11403763.	wetterneck,	tosha	b.;	Linzer,	m;	McMurray,	Je;	Douglas,
  J;	Schwartz,	MD;	Bigby,	j;	Gerrity,	MS;	Pathman,	de;	ETÃ	¢	al.	(Mar	25,	2002).	"Worklife	and	the	satisfaction	of	general	internists".	Archives	of	internal	medicine.	162	(6):	56	649A.	DOI:	10.1001	/	Archinte.162.6.649.	PMIDA	connections	11911718.	Exterior	The	American	Academy	of	Allergy,	Asthma	&	Immunology	(AAAAI);	American	Board	of	Allergy
  &	Immunology	(Abai)	International	Medicine	Internal	Medicine	Society	of	Australia	and	New	Zealand	The	Internal	Medicine	Council	Canadian	Society	of	Internal	Medicine	The	American	College	of	Osteopathic	Internists	American	College	of	Physicians	American	Extract	from	"https:	/	/	en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
  title=internal_Medicine&oldid=1013874609	""	"
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