API 
                    Textbook of Medicine
                                                         Brothers
                                             Editor-in-Chief
                                           Yash Pal Munjal
                                                Volume 1
                        Jaypee 
                                              10th 
                                                 EDITION
      API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   iAPI _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   i     29-01-2015   14:22:0729-01-2015   14:22:07
                          The Association of Physicians of India
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                           drugs. The editor takes no responsibility for the views expressed or the material submitted by the various contributors to this API 
                           Textbook of Medicine, Tenth Edition.
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              API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   iiAPI _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   ii                                                                29-01-2015   14:22:0729-01-2015   14:22:07
                                                          API Textbook of Medicine
                                                                            Tenth Edition
                                                                           EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
                                                                          Yash Pal Munjal
                                                                  MD FICP MAMS FIAMS FACP FIACMS FRCP (Edin)
                                            Medical Director and Hon Senior Consultant, Diabetes and Life Style Disease Centre
                                                  Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalkaji, New Delhi 
                                                            Past President of Association of Physicians of India
                                                                Past Dean of Indian College of Physicians
                                                   Hon Professor of Indian College of Family Physician, New Delhi, India
                                                                          EXECUTIVE EDITOR
                                                                       Surendra K Sharma
                                                                                 MD PhD
                                                                           Professor and Head
                                              Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
                                                                               EDITORS
                                             AK Agarwal                                                         RK Singal
                               MD FICP FRCP (Edin) MAMS FACP FIACM FIAMS FIMSA                                MD FRCP FICP FACP
                         Professor and Head, Department of General Medicine                             Senior Consultant and Head
                      School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University                         Department of Medicine 
                                     Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh                                     Dr BL Kapur Memorial Hospital 
                     Ex-Dean, Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, PGIMER                             New Delhi, India
                           Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India                                    Shyam Sundar 
                                                                                                          MD FRCP FAMS FNA FSc FNASc
                                            Pritam Gupta                                Brothers
                                              MD (Medicine)                                                Professor of Medicine
                         Senior Consultant and Head, Department of Medicine                             Institute of Medical Sciences 
                               Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, New Delhi, India                            Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
                                         Sandhya A Kamath                                                   Uttar Pradesh, India
                                                MD FICP                                                      Subhash Varma
                            Ex-Dean and Professor, Department of Medicine                                         MD FICP
                       Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and Municipal                               Professor and Head
                             General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India                            Department of Internal Medicine
                                           Milind Y Nadkar                                               PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
                                                MD FICP
                           Professor of Medicine, Chief of Rheumatology and 
                    Emergency Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital 
                                      Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
                                                                         ASSOCIATE EDITORS
                                       Ghan Shyam Pangtey                                                   Anupam Prakash 
                                                 MD                                          MD (Gen Medicine) FICP MNAMS PDCC (Hospital Management) 
                                     Jaypee                                                                PDCDM (Dialysis Medicine)
                             Associate Professor, Department of Medicine
                       Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals            Professor, Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical 
                                          New Delhi, India                                   College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India
                                                                          EMERITUS EDITOR
                                                                         Siddharth N Shah
                                                                        MD FICP FACP (Hon) FRCP (Edin)
                                                         Post-graduate Teacher in Diabetes, University of Mumbai
                                                                 Consulting Physician and Diabetologist
                                                           SL Raheja Hospital and All India Institute of Diabetes
                                                  Saifee Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital
                                      Visiting Consultant, Central Railway and Western Railway Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
         API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   iiiAPI _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd   iii                                                   29-01-2015   14:22:0729-01-2015   14:22:07