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exam focus Stress and anxiety MMaannaaggeemmeenntt tteecchhnniiqquueess Thought-stopping Involves the athlete ‘blocking out’ negative thoughts and UUssee t thhiiss p poosstteerr t too h heellpp y yoouu r reevviissee t thhee d diiffffeerreenntt t teecchhnniiqquueess f foorr m maannaaggiinngg s sttrreessss a anndd a annxxiieettyy images. This technique tends to be effective for people with Control appraisal high state (SC state) and trait confidence (SC trait). It is likely that this strategy is suited to extroverted performers, who are Changing the locus of control concerning less prone to high anxiety than introverted performers during performance from external factors (e.g. luck ccording to Martens et al. performance (Jarvis 2006). and task difficulty) into internal attributions (2000), the capacity to control (e.g. ability, effort and attitude). This will Aemotional and physical reactions reduce state anxiety while combating learned encountered in stressful situations is a helplessness and promoting mastery key difference between elite and poorer Progressive muscular orientation to optimise sports performance. performers. Superior athletes can control relaxation (PMR) Imagery arousal and anxiety when required to Involves creating a mental vision of success perform under pressure. It is believed that A somatic technique devised by Jacobson (1929). The or a positive outcome. This technique can be Mindfulness modifying or manipulating thought patterns method requires the athlete to create tension simultaneously adopted from an internal perspective. Players is central in controlling reactions to stress. in all muscle groups. Each muscle group is then slowly visualise themselves performing the skill as Anxiety is often induced or increased through Stress management techniques can be relaxed in turn. if physically undertaking it at the time. The apprehension about the future and worry advantage of this practice is that a feeling of about the past. For example, a goal kicker, divided into two categories. the skill can be experienced. This is known ■ Somatic techniques, which focus as kinaesthetic imagery. Imagery concerning having missed several conversions, may attention on physical factors. the sporting environment can be part of this become anxious about subsequent attempts. process, e.g. visualising the stadium. Mindfulness is a complete focus on what is ■ Cognitive techniques, which concern Cognitive happening in the immediate present while changing thought patterns. eliminating any thoughts or emotions outside techniques of this time. Mindfulness can take the form of meditation. The technique has recently Goal-setting increased in popularity and has strong links with the achievement of flow state. Somatic Implementing performance or task goals to minimise state anxiety. These are targets of Biofeedback techniques self-improvement focusing on process and skill learning. Avoid product or ego goals. A somatic anxiety management technique Such goals involve winning and surpassing Mental rehearsal that involves monitoring the physiological others. Short-term goals build confidence and changes that take place in the body as anxiety are measures of immediate reinforcement and A form of imagery with direct focus given to increases. An electrocardiograph displays the instant gratification. Long-term goals may be skill execution. pattern of heart rate, which would reflect a perceived as daunting and a negative stressor. quickening trend with the onset of anxiety. It They involve deferred gratification. is believed that observation of this trace can help a performer to control heart rate and therefore reduce anxiety. Rational thinking Positive self-talk Reflection on thoughts and feelings regarding a specific skill Centring or situation. It helps the athlete to logically evaluate both the This method engages the performer in private situation and possible outcome. This process works well for Centring or refocusing refers to many different verbal encouragement. This endorses their a performer who is confident, experienced and conscious of techniques for quickly regaining concentration during ability or progress in a challenging situation previous success. The inexperienced participant or one lacking Key terms competition. The aim is to bring the level of arousal to and dissipates self-doubt. in confidence would be unable to make a logical evaluation. a preferred point within the space of one deep breath. Learned helplessness A belief that failure is Concentration can be regained and be centred on inevitable, with the athlete having no control the issues that are fundamental to performance (see over the outcome. catastrophe theory, pp. 12–15). PEReviewExtras Mastery orientation A belief that success is Download this poster at John Ireland is an experienced teacher and author of a possible with control of the outcome. www.hoddereducation.co.uk/pereviewextras range of A-level PE teaching and learning resources 16 PE Review September 2019 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/pereview 17
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