Second Language Acquisition 
      and 
      Second Language Learning 
      Stephen D Krashen 
      University of Southern California 
                           
     Copyright © 1981 Stephen Krashen 
     All Rights Reserved. This publication may be downloaded and copied without 
     charge for all reasonable, non-commercial educational purposes, provided no 
     alterations in the text are made. 
     First printed edition 1981 by Pergamon Press Inc. 
     Print Edition ISBN 0-08-025338-5 
     First internet edition December 2002 
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                   Acknowledgments 
                   I would like to thank the following journals and organizations for granting 
                   permission to reprint material: Newbury House, the Center for Applied Linguistics, 
                   Language Learning, TESOL, the SPEAQ Journal, Academic Press. 
                   I have had a great deal of help and feedback from many people in writing this book. 
                   Among the many scholars and friends I am indebted to are Marina Burt, Earl 
                   Stevick, Heidi Dulay, Robin Scarcella, Rosario Gingras, Nathalie Bailey, Carolyn 
                   Madden, Georgette Ioup, Linda Galloway, Herbert Seliger, Noel Houck, Judith 
                   Robertson, Steven Sternfeld, Batyia Elbaum, Adrian Palmer, John Oller, John 
                   Lamendella, Evelyn Hatch, John Schumann, Eugene Brière, Diane Larsen-Freeman, 
                   Larry Hyman, Tina Bennet, Ann Fathman, Janet Kayfetz, Ann Peters, Kenji Hakuta, 
                   Elinor Ochs, Elaine Andersen, Peter Shaw, and Larry Selinker. I also would like to 
                   express my thanks to those scholars whose work has stimulated my own thinking in 
                   the early stages of the research reported on here: John Upshur, Leonard Newmark, 
                   and S. Pit Corder all recognized the reality of language "acquisition" in the adult 
                   long before I did. I would also like the thank Eula P. Krashen and Judy Winn-Bell 
                   Olsen for their special contributions. 
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             Contents 
            Introduction                                                                              1 
         1.  Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor                                          12 
         2.  Attitude and Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition and Learning                       19 
         3.  Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in Language Acquisition and                 40 
            Language Learning 
         4.  The Domain of the Conscious Grammar: The Morpheme Studies                               51 
         5.  The Role of the First Language in Second Language Acquisition                           64 
         6.  The Neurological Correlates of Language Acquisition: Current Research                   70 
         7.  On Routines and Patterns in Language Acquisition and Performance                        83 
         8.  Relating Theory and Practice in Adult Second Language Acquisition                      100 
         9.  The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of Simple Codes in Second Language             119 
            Acquisition 
            Bibliography                                                                            138 
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