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Language Varieties in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College
LANGUAGE VARIETIES IN AL-AMANAH ISLAMIC MODERN COLLEGE: SEEN FROM
LANGUAGE IN CONTACT
Miftakhul Ulum
The State University of Surabaya
Faculty of Languages and Arts
Discipline of Language Literature
miftahulum89@yahoo.co.id
Slamet Setiawan
The State University of Surabaya
Faculty of Languages and Arts
Discipline of Language Literature
s.setiawan@unesa.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study is about language varieties and the results of language in contact. This is conducted
because of the existence of language varieties in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College. The language
varieties are English influenced by Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese. Besides, the purposes of this
study are to know how the phenomena of language varieties existing in Al-Amanah Islamic modern
college including the (1) forms, (2) the factors and (3) the acceptability in English Speakers’
Societies. It is conducted by using Weinrich’s interlanguage theory approach (1972). The design of
this study is descriptive qualitative method and analyzed by using Miles’ and Huberman’s model
including data reduction, data display, and conclusion and verification. This study say that the
language varieties are English influenced by Surabaya and Sidoarjo dialect and accent and in the
forms of interferences, integration and convergence, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgin, and
Creole. Meanwhile, there are two factors caused the existence of these language varieties. They are
internal factors including multilingualism which Javanese as the majority language, and lack of
vocabularies and grammar knowledge. Secondly, the external factors include the existence of
cultural heritage of the seniors, habit in the use of these language varieties, and the Islamic College
rules. Seen from their acceptability, this study says that these language varieties are unacceptable.
In summary, language varieties happening in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College is English
influenced by Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese. The factors are divided into internal and external,
and these language varieties are unacceptable in language speakers’ society.
Keywords: language variety, Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese, language contact
Amanah Islamic Modern College, Krian. The students
INTRODUCTION must speak in more than two languages. They are Arabic,
Each country has a specific language. Indonesia, for English and refined Javanese (Jawa krama). However,
example, is a multilingual country. In 2012 Indonesia has they often produce a “foreign language” which is
1 influenced by the language contact while speaking.
546 languages. It is assumed that the number of Multilingual community means that the community
languages in Indonesia will increase in each year. East has more than two languages to speak and to
Java, Indonesia, has 4 languages with different dialects communicate each other. Holmes (2000: 73) defines that
and accents.2 They are Javanese, Madurese, Osing, and multilingual is an ability to use more than two languages
Indonesian. Therefore, if a country has a lot of languages, in communication for certain purpose. Why should it be
it can be ensured that language varieties exist. more than two languages? The answer is that each of
Language variety is a variation of using a language. them has their own terms. For people or groups who are
Language varieties include such as dialect, accent, style, able to use only one language, they are called as
and so on. Language varieties often appear in bilingual monolingual. García and Colin (1995:41) define that
speakers or multilingual ones. For instance, it is in Al-
1. www.kompas.com 1
2. Dinas kominfo prov. Jatim, 2012
Sociolinguistics. Volume 01 Nomor 01 Tahun 2014, 1 - 9
“monolingual is a person ‘who’ knows only one interfered by bahasa Indonesia and English seen from
language, whatever that means”. Meanwhile, for people phonological point of view. This study was done to know
or groups who are able to use two languages, they are the interference of bahasa Indonesia to the production of
named as bilingual. Therefore, seen from the number of English sounds made by the third grade students of junior
the languages used, linguists categorized them into three high school in Al-Furqon Muslim Boarding School. The
parts. They are monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. data related to interference was obtained through oral
Concerning with the multilingual situation, it can be reading passages process conducted in the classroom.
ensured that there will be language contact appearing The conclusion of this study was there were some
among them. Language contact is a phenomenon difficult consonants to pronounce. They were /v/, /ʃ/, /ð/,
influencing one language to another. Thomason (2001: 1) and /dʒ/ caused by the absence of those sounds in bahasa
also defines language contact as the influence of one Indonesia.
language to another, directly or indirectly, in the same Besides, Bhela (1999), the student of Flinders
place at the same time, so that it can change the language University School of Education also conducted study
which is used by the speaker. Language contact can be under the title “Native Language Interference in Learning
found easily when there are at least two people with a Second Language: Exploratory Case Studies of Native
different languages talking each other. For instance, the Language Interference with Target Language Usage”. It
one speaks English and the other speaks Javanese. Sooner emphasized on the forms of the second language
or later their languages will influence each other. structures in the written form done by Spanish, a
Commonly, one of the language contact results is Vietnamese, a Cambodian, and an Italian. It means that
integrations (Chaer and Agustina, 2010: 84). Then, The the study was focused on the structures of the second
Javanese will get new words from the English, and so language (L2) learners sometimes constructed based on
does the English. their first one (L1) through written task. This study was
Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College is an Islamic conducted to know the effect of the differences and/or
modern college located in the Kewangen, Junwangi, similarities between the structures of L1 and L2 on the
Krian, Sidoarjo. Javanese or Indonesian usually calls this target language through interview and giving task
institution as pondok pesantren. Pondok pesantren is an process. It was conducted as classroom activities because
institution built by an Islamic priest (kiyai). This it took a place in the classroom. The conclusion of this
institution specifically teaches the students a religious study was that the L2 structures produced by the learners
education. The students who study are called as santri. were influenced by their L1 caused by the lack of the L2
The term santri is only used in Indonesia because and L1 knowledge.
Indonesia is the first country which uses living system in Meanwhile, in the present study, it is focused on the
education, especially in Java Island (Moesa, 2007:95). language varieties existing in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
In Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College, there is a kind College seen from language in contact. Seen from the
of language varieties. It is influenced by a contact between title, this study does not only discuss about linguistic
a foreign language and regional language. The foreign interferences but each linguistic aspect which becomes the
language focused here is English. Meanwhile, the regional results of language contact. In this case, the language
language is Javanese with Surabaya and Sidoarjo dialect varieties are uttered not written or read. The utterances are
and accent. It makes the influenced foreign language to be in the levels of phonemes, phrases, and sentences. In
very different from the real ones. In their daily addition, this study was conducted to know the
conversation, the students usually produce some new phenomena of language varieties existing in Al-Amanah
words which are not available in its foreign languages Islamic Modern College in which the data obtained from
vocabularies. The examples of words that usually they the students’ utterances and analyzed by using Miles’ and
produce are “This is lo very buuwwig e, come here Huberman’s data analysis model including data reduction,
aaa!(instead of this is very big, and come here!)”, and so data display, and conclusion and verification. In addition,
on. Why should the foreign languages be influenced by the application of the use of sociolinguistics point of view
Surabaya and Sidorajo? The answer is that most of the and the study is not only in the classroom but also out of
students are from Surabaya and Sidoarjo. it, is applied in this study. In summary, language varieties
Rachmawati (2007), the student of State University of happening in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College is
Surabaya, ever conducted a study under the title “The English influenced by Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese
Interference of Bahasa Indonesia to The Production of caused by some factors, and these language varieties are
English Sounds Made by The Third Grade Students of unacceptable in language speakers’ society.
Junior High School in Al-Furqon Muslim Boarding There is something unique in this Al-Amanah Islamic
School”. It emphasized on the English words formation Modern College. It is the language varieties the students
2
Language Varieties in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College
use. The language varieties used by the students are are used to answer the third research question. The
totally different from the language varieties used by most location must be in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College.
of people in some regions. They create some new words The data of this study are classified into three types.
from a language, but the real words of the language still They are linguistics, information, and assessments. The
appear. Not only creating some new words but, they also linguistics data are the language varieties which were
create a specific language structure and tone based on uttered by the students of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
their regional language while they are speaking. College. Secondly, information as data means that the
Therefore, this study is written to know the phenomena data which are needed are related to the language
of language varieties existing in Al-Amanah Islamic varieties. They cover the reasons why the students
Modern College, krian, Sidoarjo. produce them, the number of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
College students, and the year when English began to be
Research Questions spoken.
Meanwhile, the sources of data are grouped into three
Based on the study focus elaborated in the types. They are people, places, and papers. In this study,
background of study above, the reach questions should be the people were the Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College
answered are: students who were taken randomly, an alumnus and
1. How are the language varieties in Al-Amanah Islamic English teacher, and some foreigners from different
Modern College, Krian seen from language in countries who know English. The foreigners were used to
contact? measure whether their English is acceptable or not.
2. Why do the students of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern Secondly, the place is in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
College use those kinds of language varieties? College. Thirdly, the papers as sources, in this case, mean
3. To what extent can the students’ language varieties be that the data are obtained from the related theories both
accepted in the English speakers’ society? from the books and internet and from the college
documents (Arikunto in Afidah, 2009: 27).
Purposes of the Study There are four techniques which were applied. They
were observation, interview, and questionnaire, and
1. To describe the language varieties of Al-Amanah assessments by an English teacher and four foreigners.
Islamic Modern College students seen from language The type of the observation which was used was
in contact. participative active observation. Participative means that
2. To know why the students of Al-Amanah Islamic the researcher enjoys getting along with the respondents in
Modern College use those kinds of language the Islamic college. Active means that the researcher
varieties. enjoys doing what the respondents do there, but it is not
3. To know to what extent the students’ language complete enough (Sugiyono, 2010: 310).
varieties can be accepted in the English speakers’ The type of the interview which was used was semi-
society. th
structured interview. They were twelve students of 12
grades who were taken randomly including the chief of
RESEARCH METHOD the language division both boy and girl. They were chosen
because they have been living in this college longer than
In conducting the study, the descriptive qualitative the other students in the other grades.
method is applied. The purpose of using the descriptive Besides using those two data collection techniques, the
qualitative method is to obtain systematical description questionnaire was also used to obtain the data. This was
and accurate data which are dynamic, complex, and need conducted to know the language varieties in the levels of
very deep understanding. phonemes, phrases, and sentences. Meanwhile, the
The subjects and the location of this study were the respondents of conducting questionnaire were taken
students of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College, Krian, th
randomly. They were two students of 9th grade, 11
Sidoarjo who were taken randomly. It was done to obtain th th
grade, four students of 8 grade, 10 , and five students of
the more accurate and avoid data manipulation. The th
students of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College were 12 grades.
chosen because they are required to be able to The data were obtained by conducting assessments
communicate in foreign languages. Besides the students, process which was assessed by an English teacher of Al-
foreigners from Russia, Brazil, United State of America, Amanah Islamic Modern College and foreigners. The
and Australia also became the subjects of this study who process was that they were sent the assessments sheets,
and some records which consisted of the students’
conversations using their language varieties through social
3
Sociolinguistics. Volume 01 Nomor 01 Tahun 2014, 1 - 9
networks namely Skype, and Facebook. The assessments contact. According to Chaer and Leonie (1995: 111-187),
sheet was based on the Likert scales model. According to Hall (in Odimengwu, 2012: 6), and Thomason (2001:
Tullis and William (2013: 123), the Likert scales were 157), the phenomena are bilingualism and
used to know the acceptability of language through some multilingualism, diglossia, interference, integration,
scales such as “acceptable” or “not acceptable”. code-switching and code-mixing, pidgin, creole, and
Meanwhile, the voices which were recorded were the language shift. However, Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
th
voices of two boy students of 12 grade, and two girl College has only some phenomena, they are,
th
students of 12 grade. Besides, the foreigners were four multilingualism, interferences, integration, code-
foreigners who come from Russia, Brazil, United State of switching and code-mixing, pidgin, creole, and language
America, and Australia. shift which are explained as follows.
There were some instruments which were used. They
were the researcher, interview sheets, questionnaires, and Multilingualism
assessments sheets. The students of Al-Amanah Islamic Mocdern College
The final part of research methods was data analysis. are a multilingual community. They live together in a
It presents some steps how to analyze the data. In this place and can speak in more than two languages. The
case, Miles’ and Huberman’s (1994: 10-12) data analysis speaker who can speak in more than two languages is
model was applied. They wrote in their book that there are called as multilingual (Fromkin, et al., 2011: 41; Tucker,
three steps to analyze the data. They are data reduction, 1999).
data display, and conclusion and verification.
Interferences
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS According to Liliweri (2007: 159), interference is
1. Language Varieties Phenomena Seen from divided into phonological interference, morphological
Language in Contact interference, syntactical interference, and semantic
The language varieties in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern interference. However, in Al-Amanah Islamic Modern
College seen from language in contact are influenced by College, there are only three types of interferences which
dialect, accent of Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese. The have been found. They are phonological interference,
results are multilingualism, interferences, integration, morphological interference, and syntactical interference.
code-switching and code-mixing, pidgin, and creole. However, the name of those interfered or mixed
To begin with, the dialect of the Al-Amanah Islamic languages which arise in a contact situation can be named
Modern College students’ English is based on Surabaya as pidgin.
and Sidoarjo dialect. It can be proved when the students To begin with, the English words begin with /v/ sound
are producing words in the interrogative sentence such as is changed to be /f/ such as in the word “very /ˈveri/”
“tak-en”, “call-en”, “strik-en”, etc. (Instead of take, call, which is pronounced as “fery /ˈferi/”. Besides, the /ð/
strike, etc.). The“-en” morpheme usually appears in sound is changed into a pure /d/ sound and sometimes
Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese. In the standard with nasalization process. The examples are “the /ndə/ or
Surabaya and Sidoarjo Javanese words, they should be /də/”, “this /ndɪs/ or /dɪs/”, “that /ndæt/ or /dæt/”, “these
“jukuen”, “celuken”, “kaploken”, etc. In addition, /ndiːs/ or /diːs/”, and “those /ndoʊs/ or /ndoʊs/”. The pure
Dialect is a language variation from a group of speakers /d/ sounds happen because Surabaya and Sidoarjo
with certain numbers and region (Chaer and Leonie, Javanese do not have /ð/ sound. This is line with
1995: 83). Rochmawati’s (2007: vii) thesis which stated that there
Besides Javanese with Surabaya and Sidoarjo dialect, were some difficult consonants to pronounce. They were
the English of Al-Amanah Islamic Modern College /v/, /ʃ/, and /ð/ which are caused by the absence of those
students are also influenced by Surabaya and Sidoarjo sounds in Indonesian. Besides, the /d/ sound with
Javanese accent. Accent is the way to pronounce a nasalization process occurs because Surabaya and
language with certain stress that can identify where the Sidoarjo Javanese dialect usually add /n/ sound before the
speakers live, their ethnicity, their first language, and so /d/ sound. This is as what Liliweri (2007: 159) explained
on (Lippi-Green, 1997: 83). Based on where the speakers that the Javanese usually pronounce the words begin with
live, most of them live in Sidoarjo and its surroundings. /b/, /d/, /g/, /j/ with some nasalization processes.
Besides, most of the students’ ethnicity is Javanese and However, the /b/, /g/, /j/ sounds are still able to be
with Javanese considered as their first language exactly. pronounced well by the students of Al-Amanah Islamic
The existence of language contact may have Modern College.
consequences. The consequences are that there are some Morphological interference is the use of affixes which
other language phenomena which are caused by language are taken from another language (Weinreich, 1979: 68).
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