Michael vince pre intermediate language practice pdf
                                                                                             
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   Skip to Michael Vince main content No Text Content! Practice advanced language with the key Michael Vince with Peter Sunderland English Grammar and Vocabulary MACMILLANMacmillan EducationBetween Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PPA division of Macmillan Publishers
   LimitedCompanies and representatives worldwideISBN 1 405 00762 1 with keyISBN 1 405 00761 3 without keyText © Michael Vince 2003Design and illustrate © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2003First edition published in 1994This published edition 2003All rights reserved; no part of this
   publication may be produced, stored in a recovery system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Designed by Mike Brain Graphic Design LimitedLayout and composed
   by Newton Harris Design PartnershipCover designed by Oliver DesignIllustrated by:Ed McLachlan pp 109; Julian Mosedale pp 12, 39, 110, 123, 153,176, 195, 217, 225, 257; David Parkins pp 3, 42, 73; Martin Shovel pp 10, 16, 56, 70, 117, 147, 235, 285; Bill Stott pp 122; Kingsley Wiggin
   pp 24, 27, 57, 191, 220.Photographs by:Eyewire, Photodisc and Andrew Oliver.The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who have commented on these materials. Also a special thank you toPeter Sunderland and Sarah Curtis. Printed and bound in Italy by G. Canale
   and C. S.p. A T.se Borgaro, Turin 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Contents Vlll IntroductionGrammar 1 Current Time 14Gram 2 Basic Contrasts: Present Single and Present Continuous 21Gram 3 Status verbs and event verbs (action or dynamic) VerbsGrams 4 Status verbs
   normally without a continuous form 33 Difference in meaning in stative verbs and active 40 Other uses of other uses Current Continuous Future Time Simple Contrasts : Se, Go To, Future Continuous Perfect Future Other Ways to Refer to the Future Other Future References Past Future
   Contrasts Basic Contrasts: Simple past and continuous past Perfect simple and continuous past Used and what without meeting past events Past thing With perfect present perfect perfect present perfect perfect continuous contrast of perfect present perfect simple and present perfect
   expressions of time with perfect presentGrammar 6 Passive 1Grammar 7 Basic Uses Use and not mention of the passive agent 2 Having and doing something, need to doir, Verbs of reports of passive Verbs With common prepositions Contexts for the passive iiiADVANCED LANGUAGE
   PRACTICE Grammar 8 Conditional 46 Grammar 9 Basic use: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present 54 and past) Variations: if only, unless, and other alternatives to yes, past events with results in the present , , if not for, if it had not been for Other ways of making a
   conditional sentence: assuming, otherwise, but for, if so, if not, colloquial of yes, yes and adjectives, if it means even though Unreal Unreal and subjunctives It is time, it is time that I would prefer and prefer before, I would prefer as if, as if, as if we assume and imagine Formalsubjunctive
   Grammar subjunctive 11 Modals: present and future 65 Grammar 12 You do not have to and should not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something You must: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action with being and adjectives describing the opportunity after that in
   case emphasizing implausibility Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness You can: criticism, capacity You must and cannot: certainty, reference of present time only May and could: although clauses, can /
   could also, possibility or uncertainty with try Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen. , intention, reject and insist I would: annoying habits, certainty Need: you do not need a modal, you need in part a modal Related non-modal expressions: better, be bound to Modals: past 72 I
   had and must have: past obligation, past certainty You must and should have: expectation, criticism of an action, must have and verbs of thought, with being and adjectives describing chance, polite expressions could have: past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives,
   unwillingness Could: past permission or ability, compared to might have and cannot have: certainty, surely I would not: lack of will Have: events in the past that did not happen, assumptions did not have and were not necessary: unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and manners
   : well, easily, obviously, really, justIVGrammar 13 Inversion CONTENTSGrammar 14 Reversal Reversal after negative adverbs 78 Reversal after such/such with that 85 conditional phrases reversed without whether the emphasis Change the order of the word to change the focus Add words
   to emphasize Other mediaGramar 16 Address reported 97 Problems: speech reported with manners, with conditionals, don't think about 104 Report verbs 111 Functions: verbs describing a function, verbs describing actions Changes of the point of view 118Gram 17 Articles Definitive article
   (the), indefinite article (a/an), zero article Translation problemsGrama 18 Relative and non-finite clauses Definition and not from infinity what and who definition clauses, Who, and which and where omitting the relative pronoun Omitting what/who + be Clauses starting with what and any non-
   finite clauses containing a form -ingGrammar 19 Verbs + Infinitive Verbs or -ing Verbs followed by -ing or verbs with an object , followed by -ing or infinitive with veros normally followed by infinitive with Verbs normally followed by -ing verbs followed by infinitive verbs without verbs followed
   by an object and toGrammar 21 Verbs + prepositions 131Grammar 22 Verbs followed by: in, to, from, in, against, over, out, to 138 following adjective prepositions: from, envelope, with, in, in, in, by, in, in, of the following nouns: in, a, more, with, for expressions that begin: in, with, in, in,
   beyond, by, for, under, without, afterADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Grammar 23 Phrasal verbs 1 144 Grammar 24 Add up to get up to up to up 150 Grammar 25 156 Phrasal verbs 2 Give away to put up with Phrasal verbs 3 Rip off to work out Grammar 27 Linking words and phrases
   167 2 Grammar Texters : add a point, develop a period, contrast, 172 explaining reasons, making generalizations, giving new information Score and spelling Common errors Common words Words with similar spelling but different meanings Score: commas, Apostrophes, Colons and Dot-
   colon Grammar 30 Additional Practices 182 Vocabulary 182 Leisure Activities 188 Vocabulary 2 Travel and Movement 192 Vocabulary 3 News Events 196 Vocabulary 4 Places 200 Vocabulary 5 Media and Advertising 204 Vocabulary 6 The Natural World 208 Vocabulary 7 Work 211
   Vocabulary 8 Business and Money 215 Vocabulary 9 People and Relationships 219 Vocabulary 10 Social Problems 223 Vocabulary 11 Entertainment 227 Vocabulary 12 Government and Society 231 Vocabulary 13 Health and Body 235VIVocabulary 14 World Problems
   CONTENTSvocaulary 15 Thought and s SensationVocabulary 16 Technology 239Vocabulary 17 Quality and Quantity 243Vocabulary 18 Education 247Vocabulary 19 Speech Formation 250Vocabulary 20 Multiple Means 254 258 262 1 Expressions with Come , expressions with in, hand-
   based idioms, 265 wood and metal, un-prefix, movement verbs 268 2 Expressions with get, color idioms, expressions with 271 see, suffix -ful, common expressions, expressions with out 274 277 3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with break, 280 sounds, words with
   more than one meaning, words connected with memory 283 286 4 Formality , expressions without, expressions with a head, 289 words connected with people, expressions with make, compound words 292 295 5 Size, suffixes, header language, expressions with once, body movements
   297, expressions with a 313 322 6 Expressions together, places, words with more than one meaning, speaking, expressions with inside, adjective suffix -ing vii 7 Expressions with, , adjective-name placements, expressions with , verbs to see, expressions with making 8 placements of nouns
   linked to, size, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix well, expressions with 9 Adverbs, expressions with thought, expressions with give, modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, sub-prefix, names, expressions with call, verbs with up
   to Index Grammar Vocabulary answers Words Answers and phrasesThe revised edition of this book is designed with greater emphasis in this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this
   book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis
   on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on
   this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this
   book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this book is designed with greater emphasis on this emphasis on this book is designed with a greater
   emphasis on this book is with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater
   emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is Designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a
   greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with a greater emphasis on this book is designed with text and placement, according to recent trends in the world of English as a foreign language. It
   also incorporates the many changes to the revised competition review as of December 2002, such as word formation meaning of several words. The book is also intended for use at the CAE level, and includes new exercises that perform the formal/informal registration transfer task. Most of
   the practice sections in the Grammar and Vocabulary sections reflect such changes, and where the texts are preserved from the first edition, they have been given more than one examination approach. However, the core of this very successful book remains the same. The grammar section
   now includes some additional revisions and more subtle advanced points. Units are also included in phrasing verbs, prepositions, and binding devices. The grammatical information provided can be used as a reference when necessary, or worked systematically. The vocabulary section
   includes vocabulary based on topics, locations, and language phrases. It also recycles work into prepositions and phrase verbs. The book can be used as a grammar book and self-study reference practice or as supplementary material in classes preparing for CAE and Competition exams. If
   used for class work, activities can be done individually or cooperatively in pairs or small groups. There are regular consolidation units that include forms of testing commonly used both in exams and the material covers a range of difficulty appropriate for both exams.vmExplanations Basic
   contrasts: Simple present usually refers to:present simple facts that are always true and current boiling of water incontinuous to 100 degrees Celsius. HabitsState verbs andevent (action or the British drink a lot of tea.dynamic) verbs States / do not like gangster movies. Continuous
   (progressive) present usually refers to actions that are currently in progress. These can be temporary: I stay in a hotel until I find a fiat. They may be in progress: The dog is sleeping in our bed! Or they may generally be in progress, but they don't really happen right now: I'm learning to drive.
   State verbs describe a continuous state, so they do not usually have a continuous form. Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, contain, fit, have, know, as, love, matter, medium, necessity, own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, desire, desire Some verbs have a
   styling meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: being, relying, feeling, having, measuring, seeing, testing, thinking, weighing Compare these uses: State Event Jack is noisy. Jill's being noisy. Deirdre has a Porsche. We're having an interesting conversation! I think I
   like you! David's thinking about getting a new job. This fish tastes awful! I'm just trying the soup. I feel like you're wrong. I feel terrible. This bag weighs a We're weighing the baby. Depends on what you want to say. Bill, it's up to you to win this contract for us. The differences here apply to all
   forms of verbs, not just to present verbal forms. ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICEOther uses of Temporary SituationsPresent Are you enjoying your stay here?repeated continuous actionsOther uses of My car have been decomprehensive, so I am walking to work these these Simple
   complaints about annoying habits is always making snide comments about my kitchen! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continuously, forever with verbs describing change and development Climate is getting worse! More and more people are quitting smoking. Making statements
   Verbs that describe opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs. I hope you're coming to my party. I bet you don't know the answer! I declare this hospital open! Holders These are written in a 'telegram' style, and references to the past are usually simplified to present simple. The ship sinks
   into a collision at midnight. Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in the present simple rather than in imperative ways. This style is more personal. First you take out the pastry shop. Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements. On the third day we visited
   Stratford-upon-Avon. Event summaries Story plots, movies, etc., and historical event summaries use verbal forms present (and present perfect). May 1945: The war in Europe conies to an end. ... At the end of the play both families realize that their hatred caused the death of lovers ...
   Historical present in narrative and funny stories In informal discourse, it is possible to use what we call the historical present to describe past events, especially to make storytelling seem more immediate and dramatic. ... Then the second man asks the first why he has a banana in his ear
   and the first one says ... GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT TIME1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) I haven't decided yet whether to buy a new car or a second-hand car. But / think about it / I'm thinking about it. b) All right, try to fix the TV! But / I hope/I hope you know what
   you are doing. c) Every year / visit / I am visiting Britain to improve my English. d) It's time to turn on the central heating. It gets colder every day. e) Of course, you're Mary, right! / recognize / I'm recognizing you now. f) The film 'War and Peace' is very long. Lasts/Lasts more than four hours.
   g) I can see from what you say your mornings are very busy! But what are you doing/are you doing in the afternoons? h) I'm going to buy a new swimsuit. My old man doesn't fit in/is not suitable anymore, i) That should be the end of the first part of the performance. What's going on/is
   happening now? j) What is it? Why are you looking at me like this?2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) I work in this office all this year/all the time. b) Emerson is currently / for the long top of the drivers league. c) I'm not making a lot of money these days/so so far this
   year. d) Food tastes even worse now/currently. You've put too much salt in. e) Normally/previously we contact the by post. f) was sick, but is overcoming his illness soon/now. g) I feel quite deteriorated lately / presently, doctor, h) I always stay in service from /until six i) Often/always
   choosing your hair from the bathroom! j) Fortunately the baby now/recently sleeps all night. ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICEOba each verb in square brackets in the present simple or present continuous.a) (listen) that has been promoted to you. Congratulations!b) The British (drink)
   more and more wine, apparently.c) I hope Sarah is here soon. I (depends) on her.d) Please shut up, David. You (forever/interrupt).e) Hey, you! Could you come here, please? I (want to) talk to you now.g) Jane is on vacation so Linda (handle) her job.h) To be honest, I (doubt) if Jim will be
   here next week.i) You've only started the job, haven't you? How (you/get on)?j) Don't pay attention to Graham. The sarcastic (simple/ser).4 Enclosed each verb in square brackets in the single or present continuous present. I work in a large office with a lot of people, most of whom I(1)
   (know) quite well. We (2) (pass) most of the day together, so we've all become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so selfless, that I (3) (think) write a book about them! (4) (take) Helen Watson, for example. Helen (5) (run) the account department. At the moment she (6) (going out)
   with Keith Ballantine, one of the sales reps, and they (7) (seem) very happy together. But all but Helen apparently - (8) (know) that Keith (9) (fancy) Susan Porter. But I(10) (happen) know that Susan (11) (I don't dislike) Keith.'I can't stand people who never (12) (stop) apologizing all the
   time!' she told me. And besides, I know that he (13) (deceive) poorHelen. The (14) (see) Betty Wills of the overseas department.'And a lot of other interesting things (15) (currently / move on). Forinstance, every week they (16) (experience) more and more problems with theft - personal
   belongings and even money have been stolen. When you(17) (realize) that someone in your office is a thief, you are (18) (angry) at first. But I (19) (also/try) to catch whoever it is before they call the police. I'm not going to tell you who(20) (suspicious). Well, not yet! GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT
   TIME5 Complete the second sentence to have a similar meaning to the first sentence, using one of the bold words. Do not change the word in bold.a) Charles and his father are exactly the same in appearance.looks/lookingCharles their parent.b) Take all their possessions and walk slowly
   to the exit.belongs/belongingTake all and walk slowly to the exit.c) I am finding really nice to work here.enjoy/enjoyingI here.d) I take the job home regularly because of my new responsibility at work.means/meaningSmi new responsibility at work at work regularly.e) In my cycling group there
   is George, Tom, Harry and I, consisting/consisting of My George, Tom, Harry and I.f) In your Who's going to win the Cup?think/think Who wins the Cup?g) I'm seeing how wide the door is.measure/measuringi the door.h) Neil always forgets his wife's birthday, remembers/remembers his
   wife's birthday.i) wife.i) Ability to catch fish is the key to polar bear survival.depends/dependsThe polar bear to catch fish.j) What's in your mind right now?think/thinkingWhat.. .. right now? ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Most of these sentences contain an error. When there is an
   error, retype the sentence correctly. a) It's up to you, so don't make any mistakes! b) Does this total include new students? c) Excuse me, but are you waiting for someone? d) These potatoes are tasting a little grace. e) How are you feeling today? f) I hope to hear from you. g) I have a
   feeling that something goes wrong. h) What are you eating? i) Are you hearing anything from Wendy these days? j) I think you're being pretty bad at this. 7 Completing the expressions using the words in box.a) I'm to concentrate.b) Are you out now, or can we talk?c) Follow, I'md) I think
   we're on cross purposes.e) You're on purposes.f) It's okay along.g) You don't seem to be) You're very interested. a fuss about nothing. What expression does one of the following mean?1 Are you in a hurry to leave?2 We are talking about different things without realizing it.3 If you say or do
   this, you will have difficulties. Basic Contrasts: Explanation, going to,present Will is usually referred to as the predictive future, and describes known facts, continuous or what we assume true. Future continued I'll be home tonight. The company will make a profit next year. Perfect Future This
   can also take the form of an assumption. That'll be Jim at the door. (This means I guess it's Jim.) Will is also used to express an immediate decision. /'// take this one. It's going to describe intentions or plans. By the time we speak, the plans have already been made. I'll wait here until Carol
   gets back. Go To is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. Look at that tree! It's going down. Compare the following with the examples in the first point: I'm going to be late tonight. I have a lot of paperwork to finish. The numbers are good. I see the company is
   going to make a profit this year. The decisions expressed by going to a more distant point in the future. Present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is typically included. Consider the strong similarity to going to the future. /
   I'm having a party next week and/or I'm having a party next week they're communicating the same message. This describes an event that will occur at a future point. Come in the morning. I'll be painting in the kitchen. You can also describe events that are going to happen anyway, rather
   than events we choose to make happen. / won't bother fixing a moment to see you, because I'll be calling the office anyway several times next week. In some contexts, the continuous future also sounds more polite than will. Will you go to the Later? If you leave, could you give me some
   milk? It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will perform live in Paris this summer. This has simple and continuous forms, and refers to the time we look back from a future point of view. I'll finish the book in two years. At the end of the month, I'll work for this
   firm for a year. ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Other forms of this can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker.referring to the You will not have heard the news, of course.future (This means that I suppose you have not heard the news.) Other future
   references are/should be This is used to describe formal agreements. All students will meet in the room at 9.00. See also grammars 11 and 12 for uses expressing the obligation. Be about to, be at the point, be due to, only/about to be about to be about to be at the point of both refer to the
   next moment. / I think the work is about to begin now. Mary's about to resign. It must be due to references to scheduled schedules. The play will begin in five minutes. Ann's flight expires at 6.20. It can only be used to describe something at the point of happening. Hurry up! The train's about
   to leave. Present simple and present perfect simple present is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Perfect present can also be used instead of simple present when emphasizing the completion of the event. When we've rested, we'll go out.
   Present Simple is also used to describe fixed events that are not simply the speaker's wishes. Tom's retiring in three years. Similarly, calendar references use the simple present. Christmas is a Tuesday next year. I hope this can be followed by present or future verbal forms. / I hope it
   doesn't rain. I hope it doesn't rain. Other verbs followed by will. Most verbs of thought can be followed by will if there is future reference. These include: thinking, believing, waiting, doubting. I hope the train's late. I doubt United will win. The use of first-person de-application in future reference
   is generally considered restricted to British English and possibly declining in its use. See grammars 11 and 12 for other uses of will and dedan. For some speakers, it will be used in formal speech and written language. GRAMMAR 2 FUTURE TIMEThis section also includes time phrases
   used to express future time. Put each verb in square brackets in a proper verb form.a) Within twenty-four hours (I/relax) in myyacht.b) There is someone at the door.' That (being) the Apostle.'c) By the time you return Harry (leave).d) It's just a short trip. I (come back) in an hour.e) What
   (you/do) this Saturday night? would you like to leave?f) By the end of the week we (decide) what to do.g) It's (not/be) long before Dr. Smith is here.h) We'll go to the park when you (finish) your tea.i) It's very hot here. I think I (weak).j) What (you/give) Ann for her birthday? Have you
   decided?2 In lines of this text there is an extra word. Type the additional word or check if the line is correct. In August Gordon will have been in his company for 25 years, 1 and will receive a three-week paid vacation bonus. So we've decided to rent a car and drive around Eastern Europe.
   We'll be 3rd 3rd by the end of August, and our goal there is to visit as 4 hours as we can. We fly to Budapest - soon we are 5due to catch a plane on the 28th - and then we will stop at 6 at a friend's house, before starting our great tour. Most likely 7pend the best part of a week in Hungary.
   When we've just finished 8, we'll probably go to Romania, but beyond that we haven't planned too many arrangements. We'll know a little more in the late 10s this week, when we're getting a bunch of brochures from the board of 11turists. We'd like to get to Russia, but realistically 12th if we
   have time. I hope it's not too expensive - 13 from now on we'll really have to tighten our belts! I can't wait! 14Oa little over two months ago we will have the time of our lives! 15 9 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Choose the most suitable continuation for each sentence. a) According
   to the latest forecast, Tunnel A will be completed next year. B will be over next year. C is ending next year. b) Paula's flight will be late, although A arrives at 6.00. B is at 6.00. C is arriving at six. c) It's no use calling Bob in the office, he'll leave. B's leaving. C must have left. d) Everyone says
   that this year City A is going to win the Cup. B are winning the Cup. C win the Cup. e) I don't feel like visiting my relatives this year, so I'm not going. B I'm not going. C I'm not going. f) You can borrow this calculator, I'm not going to need it. B won't have needed it. C I don't need it. g) I feel
   like dinner isn't ready yet, but A will be ready in a minute. B must have been ready in a minute. C will be ready in a minute, h) Can you send me the results as soon as A hears something? B's hearing something? Did C hear anything? i) You can try to ask Martin for help, but A won't do you
   any good. B's not doing you any good. C won't do you any good, j) Don't worry about the mistake you made, no one A is noticeing. B will notice. C you will notice.10G R A M M A R 2 FUTURE TIME4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a meaning similar to that of the first sentence,
   using the given word. Don't change the word given.a) I guess you haven't heard the news.won'tThe news.b) The Prime Minister expects an easy victory for his party in elections.believeThe Prime Minister elections easily.c) I's been in this company for almost three years.will By the end of the
   month in this company in three years.d) This book will take me two years to write.haveIn two years' this book.e) Scientists are to make a vital vital are a vital advance.f) Maria is pregnant again.haveMaria is baby.g) I will be home late, until late.h) No one knows what the result of the match
   will be.whoNy you don't know the match.i) Don't worry; David won't be late, here Don't worry; David Time.j's wedding) Mary and Alan is next weekend, gettingMary and Alan next weekend. 11 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 5 Note the three options A, B and C for each question.
   Decide which two are right. a) We've run out of fuel. A What are we going to do now? B What do we do now? C What are we going to do now? b) You can't leave early, we're going to have a meeting. B we're going to have a meeting. C we'll have a meeting. c) Oh dear, I broke the vase A
   What will your mother say? B What's your mother going to say? C What's your mother saying? d) According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. B's raining tomorrow. It'll rain tomorrow. e) I'd like to call and see you What did you do in the morning? B What are you going to do in the
   morning? C What are you doing in the morning? f) I have nothing to do tomorrow, so I'll get up late. B I have to get up late. I'm going to get up late. g) It's my eighteenth birthday next month, so I'm about to have a party. I have a party. I'm having a party. h) Why don't you come with us? A It's
   going to be a great trip. B It's going to be a great trip. C It's a great trip, i) When you arrive at the airport Someone will be waiting for you. B someone must wait for you. C someone will be waiting for you. j) Shut up, will you! I'm getting really angry. B I'm going to be very angry in a minute. I'm
   getting really angry in a minute. 12GRAMMAR 2 FUTURE TIME6 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) I'll be back after a few minutes/in a few minutes. b) I'm sure everything will be fine at the end/end. c) Please call me the moment/exactly when you hear any news. d)
   It should be back by the time /at the time the movie starts. e) I'm sure Fiona will be here before a while/after a while. f) I can't leave on Tuesday. I won't be ready until then/by then. g) At twenty-four hours/this time tomorrow I will be in Bangkok, h) Diana will be retiring soon/already. (i) There
   will be no official announcements immediately/from now on. j) Goodbye for now. I'll see you in two weeks/two weeks later.7 Completing common expressions using the words in box.a) I'll go to what I can do.b) I'll take a look and go back to you.c) I'll think.d ) I'll know by tomorrow.e) I'll be
   back in a minute.j) I'm going to half with you.h) I'll do it.i) I'll be back in a minute.j) I'll be back in about five minutes. and show you. What expression does one of the following mean?1) I'll try to do this for you.2) I'll share it with you.3) I'll fix it/fix it. 13 Basic Contrasts: Explanationpast simple
   ypast continuous Simple past usually refers to: Actions completedPast perfectsimple and / got up, turned off the radio, sat down sat down Habits14 Every day I went to the park. America In those days, I didn't like to read. Continuous (progressive) past usually refers to: Actions in progress
   (often interrupted by events) / I was drinking my coffee at the time. As I opened the letter, the phone sounded. Background description in the narrative/entered the office and looked around. Most people worked at their desks, but Jane was looking out the window and pretending to write
   something at the same time. Changing states The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making increasingly funny noises. Repeated actions - critical With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to using present continuous to
   express discomfort. When Jane was at school, she always lost things. Continuous past is not used to describe general common actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Simple past is used for this meaning. When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day. We
   use the perfect past when we are already talking about the past, and we want to go back to a previous past time ('double past'). By the time I got to the station, the train was gone. Compare this to: The train that left five minutes before arriving at the station. When we talk about a sequence of
   events passed in the order in which they occurred, we most commonly use the simple past, especially with quick and short actions. Continuous (progressive) Perfect past The same contrasts between simple past and continuous past (see section above) can be made in perfect verbal forms
   passed for events further back in the past. GRAMMAR 3 PAST TIMEUsed to and would have been living in a bed-sitter until then. While on the phone, Jimmy had escaped. Past without fulfilling the whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been event living there.
   They had been cooking in the kitchen to begin with, and had not bothered to clear up the mess. Educated formsContraswith • The perfect past is also common in reported speech. See Grammar 16.present perfectverb forms • Past perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant
   past. • Used for this often contrasts with the present. Contrast can be declared or understood. / used to go swimming a lot (but not now). The negative way is: / not used for or / accustomed to not doing it (rare for some speakers). You can also find the form /not used. This is generally
   considered incorrect, unless we consider it used as an immutable semi-modal form. There is no possible time reference. • Is this used to describe repeated actions, not states. Describes a common activity that was typical of a person. Every week he bought his mother a bunch of flowers. It
   would also be possible here. I liked cowboy movies. It's not possible here. Would be more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences. • These describe events but it didn't happen. I was going to call you, but I forgot. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't
   decided. I was about to, but I started doing something else. Jack was going to have participated, but he got sick. • The contrasting past event is often understood, but not declared. How are you? I was going to call you ... (but I didn't). These are common with amazement. I was wondering if
   you wanted to come to the movies. See Grammar 11 and 12 for a comment. See Grammar 4 for contrasts between simple and present-past forms of perfect verbs. Past verbal forms are also used to express unreal time. See Grammar 8 and 9. 15 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1
   Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) When you passed the town hall clock, did you notice/were you noticing what time it was? b) Last night my neighbors were screaming/screaming for hours and I couldn't sleep. c) When you lived in London, did you used to travel/travel
   by bus? d) Everyone was having fun, although not many people danced/danced. e) Jill was very hungry because she didn't eat/hadn't eaten all day. f) Before going to the theater, we called/had called at George's café for a pizza. g) It took me a while to notice, but then I did. Everybody
   stared at me. What had he done wrong? h) No one bothered to tell me that the school decided/had decided to have a special holiday on Friday. i) I was trying/tried to contact you all day yesterday. Where were you? j) A: Excuse me, but this seat is mine. B: I'm sorry, I hadn't noticed/didn't
   realize you were sitting here. 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) Once/after I read the manual, I realized that I could use the computer easily. b) It was more than a month before/until I realized what had happened. c) I managed to talk to Carol just like/while she was
   leaving. d) It was not until 1983 that Nigel could afford to take a vacation abroad. e) George always lets me know at the time/when I was going to be late. f) I was taking a bath at the time/at the time, so I didn't hear the bell. g) We bought our tickets and five minutes later/after the train arrived.
   h) According to Grandpa, people used to formally dress those days/in their day. i) Everyone was talking, but stopped at that time /by the time Mr. Smith arrived, j) The letter had not yet arrived before/until the end of the week.16GRAMMAR 3 PAST TIME3 Decide whether the underlined
   verbal form is correct or not. If successful, type a tick. If not, correct it. Text 1: The train (1) stopped at a small station miles from London, and (2) it became clear that the engine (3) had broken down. All (4) lowered their bags from the luggage racks, and we (5) expected the platform in the
   freezing wind for hours until the next train (6) was appearing.1 .../. 3 5246Text 2: Professor Dawson's mysterious disappearance (1) was in InspectorCorse's mind. Six months the teacher's disappearance, he (2) was receiving a letter from Jean Dawson, the teacher's wife. In the letter,
   Jean(3) accused her husband of conspiring to murder her. Gorse (4) considered what your next step should be when the phone rings. It was Sergeant Adams of the Támesis Valley police. A fisherman (5) discovered a body in the River Támesis, and (6) conformed to the description of
   Professor.13 524 64 Put each verb in square brackets in an appropriate past verb form. This time last year I (1) cycled) in the rain along a road in France with a friend of mine. We (2) (decide) iron a bike holiday in Normandy. None of us (3) (being) toFrancia before, but we (4) (know) some
   Frenchmen of our time at school and we (5) (manage) to go over the basics. Now we (6) (marvel) if (7) (make) the right decision. We (8) (plan) our route carefully inadvance, but we (9) (forget) one important thing, good. It is (10) (rain) solidly since our arrival and that nightwe (11) (finish)
   sleeping in the waiting room at a railway station. Then the next morning like us (12) (walk) down asteep hill my bike (13) (skate) on the wet road and I(14) (fall). I (15) (I realize)immediately that I (16) (break) my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I (17) (take) the next train to Calais for
   the ferry home. Unfortunately my parents (18) (no/wait)I get married for a fortnight, and (19) (go) on vacation. So I(20) (spend) a couple of miserable weeks alone, reading 'Teach French'. 17 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE S Complete the second sentence so that it has a meaning
   similar to that of the first sentence, using the given word. Don't change the given word. a) I intended to call you yesterday, but I forgot. going me. I called you yesterday, but I forgot. b) Sylvia asked me if I wanted more pudding, but I said I couldn't eat any more. had when Sylvia offered
   enough. c) Due to illness, Sally was unable to sing the solo, as arranged. have Sally was, but she fell ill. d) Diana wasn't always as rude as that. be Diana rude. e) We have changed our minds about going to Rome, as originally intended. with intent We have changed our minds. f) When I
   lived in London, cycling to work was part of my daily routine. used when living in London that day. g) I may be able to go to the theater tonight. wondering if I'm going to the theater tonight. h) I had to stop by your house, so I decided to stop passing, so I decided to leave about 100 people
   waiting for the late bus. j) What were you doing at the time of the explosion? happened When you were doing?18GRAMMAR 3 PAST TIMEIn each sentence decide whether one or both of the given alternative verbal forms are appropriate. Write O for one or B for In those days, I always
   used to get up/get up early in the morning. .. B.b) When I arrived at the cinema Jack had been waiting / was waiting for mec) We always had / we were always having breakfast in bed on Sundays) Mary was always falling / always fell sick sick important exam) My sister used to own/would
   own a motorcycle and sidecarf) Do not pay attention to Dave's comments. I didn't want to say anything) I felt horrible after lunch. I ate/had eaten too much) Brenda left/was gone before she had time to talk to heri) The explanation was simple. In 1781 HMS Sovereign, on his way back from
   India, had seen/seen an empty boat drifting off the African coast) Pauline has changed a lot. She didn't always use it to look/it didn't always look like youComplete the text by typing a word in each space. When I was young I spent a year in France, studying French at the University of
   Grenoble. Every Friday like the Alpscafe. I didn't (2) to spend a lot of money, as I(3) didn't allow it, but it was a bit of my tradition to eat there. Anyway, I'm going to tell you a true story that happened on one occasion when (4) eating there. I remember taking a plate of apasta at (5) time. A
   beautiful girl came up to me and said, 'Was she (6) if you wanted to walk with me in the park?' I've never seen her (7), so I was quite surprised. I was(8) to go with her when I realized that a hard-looking man was watching all our movements. (9) my discomfort, the girlwhispered to me, in
   English, 'Park - five minutes!', and then disappeared. Well, my bill (10) is aging to get there, and by the time I (11) to the park, there was no sign of the girl. I asked an old lady (12) she was sitting there if she (13) saw a young woman waiting around. I described the girl. The old lady said the
   girl (14) had to rush to the train station, and that (15) to follow her there urgently. He also left me a note. He said, 'I'm going to explain everything. Meet me on platform 6. 19ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 8 Place each verb in square brackets in an appropriate past verb shape. a) I
   noticed that someone (stealing) my wallet when (feeling) their hand in my jacket pocket. b) When 1 (phone) Helen last night she (wash) her hair. c) Peter (offered) another drink, but I decided that (had) enough. d) No one (clock), so the child (take) the candy pack from the shelf and (put it) in
   his pocket. e) I (not/realized) who (leave) my umbrella on the bus until (starts) in the rain. f) At school I (I don't like) the math teacher because he (always/choose) on me. g) Wherever Marion (finds) a job, there was someone who (knows) that she (go) to prison. h) Several years later (I do
   not know) that for all the time I (write) to my pen friend, my mother (open) and reading the answers! i) I (do not/understand) what (follow). Several people (scream) at me, and a passerby (wave) a newspaper in front of my face. j) I (know) I (do) well on my exams even before (receive) the
   official results.20 Perfect presentations Simple perfect present refers to:Present perfect Recent Events, without a defined time given. The recent one can be continued indicated by only. We missed the turn. I just saw a ghost! Indefinite events, which occurred at an unknown time in the past.
   Oh, no you give it time. Jim has had three car accidents, (so far) indefinite events that can have an obvious result in the present. I've sprained my ankle, (that's why I lied) with state verbs, a state that lasts to the present. I've lived here for the past ten years. A regular action in a period of
   time to the present. I've been running every morning for the last month. Contrast with simple past Simple past is used with time expressions that refer to defined times. The time can be declared or understood. Compare: I bought a new car. (indefinite) / bought the car after all. (defined
   involved: the car we're talking about) The choice between the simple and present past perfect for recent events may depend on the speaker's attitude. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or at the event site. I left my wallet in the car. I'm going to go back and
   get him. Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected to the present. / I left my wallet in the car. I'm going to go back and get him. The speaker may feel separated at the time of the event, or be further away. Presenting perfect (progressive) constant can
   refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context. A state that lasts until the moment I've been waiting for you for three hours! An incomplete activity I've been cleaning the house, but I'm not done yet. To emphasize the duration I've been writing letters all
   morning. A recently completed activity that I've been running. That's why I look sexy. A repeat activity I've been taking French lessons this year. 21ADYVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICETime expressions • Contrasts with present perfect simplewith present There may be little contrast when
   using some state verbs.perfect How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (especially sitting, lying, waiting, and staying) prefer the continuous form. There can be a contrast between completion and incomplete completion, especially if the number of
   completed items is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on the achievement I ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on the length I've been ironing my shirts this morning. Meaning with forms of perfect verbs present is associated with certain expressions
   of time. The contrast with the simple past may depend on the choice of time expression. Simple past: referring to a specific end time. yesterday, last week, in the perfect Sunday Present: with 'indefinite' expressions of time meaning 'so far'. since 1968, many expressions of time have not
   already been associated with a specific form of verb, as they refer to both time-end and time-to-time depending on the speaker's perspective. I haven't seen Helen recently. I saw Jim recently. Others include: because, never, before, my whole life, for a long time, today, all day, every day
   These can be used with simple past or perfect present.22GRAMMAR 4 PERFECT PRESENTUnderline the right word or phrase in sentence.a) I can't believe it, Inspector. You mean Smith stole/stole/has been stealing money from it all this time!b) You three guys seem very guilty! Why didn't
   you tell that floor on the loose? I tripped/stumbled upon him right now and hurt myself.d) It's a long time since I saw/seen/have been seeing his brother Paul. What have you done/have you done/been doing lately?e) I can't believe you ate/ate/have been eating three pizzas already! Just
   brought them / I only brought them fifteen minutes ago!f) Don't forget that you didn't see/haven't seen Mrs. Dawson. She has waited/has been waiting outside since 10.30.g) What did you think/have thought of Brighton? Have you stayed/stayed there long?h) I feel very tired. I weeded/have
   been weeding the garden for the last three hours and I didn't rest/haven't rested for a single moment.i) I'm having problems with David. He has called/has been calling me in the middle of the night and told me/told me his troubles.j) How long have you had/have had/have you been having
   driving lessons? And have you taken/taken/have you been taking your test yet?2 Decide how many different endings (1-10) you can find for phrases (a-j). The phrases you make should be appropriate and meaningful.a) I have not felt very well ... . 5.8... 1 time and again.b) I went to Dentist
   2 all my life.c) I've lived here 3 so far.d) Don't worry. I have not been waiting 4 for the moment i.e. I have written two pages 5 during the last hour or two.f) I waited outside your house 6 still.g) I have warned you about this 7 until eight.h) I have not made a decision 8 for a while.i) The repair
   worked 9 the other day.j) I decided to believe you 10 long. 23 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Put each verb in square brackets in the form of perfect verb or most appropriate past. a) So far.. they haven't noticed. (no/note) nothing unusual, but we b) I'm sorry I (no/pay) very close to
   the attention. (don't/come) to class lately. c) I (work) late in the afternoons during the last fortnight. d) I wonder if Mary (get home already? She (leave) too late to catch the bus. e) Here's the news. The Home Office (announce) that the two prisoners who (escaped) from Dartmoor Prison this
   morning (surrender) to the local police. f) (you/compose) your minds? What (you/decide) to do? g) Harry (get out) home suddenly and we (don't/hear) from him ever since. h) Recent research (shows) that Columbus (not/discover) America, but the Vikings (earth) there five hundred years
   before him. i) I think people (get tired) of the poor quality of TV shows, although (improve) lately, j) (something/happens) to phone lines? I (try) to get to Glasgow for the last hour. k) Bill (gets) that new job, but he (complains) about it since .24GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT PERFECT4 the second
   sentence so that it has a meaning similar to that of the first sentence, using the given word. Don't change the word given.a) This has been my home for thirty years. for thirty years. lived before. I.. have lived here to Paris.b) Eating Chinese food is new to me. Swimming. never five years. I'm
   from this letter. twenty years.c) Tony hasn't been to Paris before. first in 1995. He's improved. Hungary.d) We've been swimming for centuries. since she was) Mary began learning French five years ago. has Maryf) I'm on the tenth page of this letter I'm writing. ten So far Ig) It's been twenty
   years since they got married. because they haveh) The last time I saw Dick was in 1995. seen that he'ti) There is a definite improvement in his work. lately) This is my second visit to Hungary. visited This is the 25ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 5 Underline the correct phrase in each
   sentence. a) The price of gasoline has increased/increased by 15% in the last year. b) No wonder you're overweight! You've eaten/you've been eating chocolates all day! c) I read/have been reading a very good book this morning. d) Doesn't this room look better? I've put/I've been putting
   some posters on the walls. e) Don't disappoint me! I've counted/I've been counting on you. f) Don't forget your pills today. Have you taken them/have you been taking them? g) Who has worn/has been wearing my scarf? h) I think there's something wrong with your bike. It's done/It's been
   making some really funny noises. i) Jack has asked for/has been asking for a pay raise three times this year. j) I've been calling/calling Ann all night, but there's no answer. 6 Put each verb in square brackets in the simple past, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. I (1) ...
   Moved. ................ (moving) to London three weeks ago to fill a new position in my company's London office. Since then, I (2) .................... (ask) if (3) ................. (make) the right decision. I (4)
   ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (see) a lot of negative things about living in the capital, and I can't say London (5)
   ................................................................................................................................................. (make) a very favorable impression on me. It's so polluted and expensive, and people are so distant. You see, I (6) .................... (grow) in a fairly small village called Devizes and I (7) (spend) my
   whole life there. I (8) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (always/want) to live in a big city and so when my company (9)
   .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (offer) me a job in London, I (10)
   ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (jump) at the opportunity. I don't think I'm alone in my aversion to the big city. According to a program I (11)
   ........................... (only/listen) on the radio, more and more people (12) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (stop) working in London recently, and many large
   companies (13) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (choose) to stay away from the Oh well, it's too late to change your mind now,
   because the work is underway, and I (14) .................... (already /sell) my home in Devizes. But I must admit that, in the last days, I (15) .................... (secretly/hopefully) that the company would move me back to my old town.26GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT PERFECT7 Underlines the correct
   word or phrase in each sentence.a) It's a long time since /when I last saw you.b) I've seen Bill very often lately / occasionally.c) Have you spoken to the director before/already?d) I have lived in the same place house for years/for ever.e) I read the paper now/still.f) Diana has bought a
   computer two years ago /since then.g) Nothing that has been happening now / so far.h) I have finished reading her new book in last / this evening.i) Sue bought a CD player last week and she has been listening to music ever since / for a while j. but I haven't finished that work already/yet.8
   It matches the expressions (a-j) with explanations of when they can be said (1-10).a) Have you heard 1 saying you don't follow what about ... ? .. 4 someone is saying.b) I have not seen you by 2 Having doubts about a great decision. Ages! 3 Have a brilliant idea. 4 We're introducing a
   joke.c) I'm tired of this! 5 Declining more food.d) Sorry, you've lost me! 6 Spread gossip.e) I've had a brainwave! . 7 Seeing an old face from the past.f) It was one of those days! 8 Having a frustrating time, when) I've had enough, thank you) I haven't had a chance but everything goes
   wrong.i) I've been having second 9 Wanting to stop doing something thoughts because it's annoying you.j) Oh, haven't you heard? 10 Apology for not doing something you said you'd do. 271 Enclosed each verb in square brackets in an appropriate verb form. Reporter Philip Taggart visits a
   farm where the sheep are super fit! Farmers, as you can (1) ... Know. (know), (2) (has) a difficult time in Britain lately, and (3) (return) to new ways to earn income from their lands. This (4) (involves) not only planting new types of crops, but also some strange ways to make money, the most
   unusual of which has to be sheep racing. Yes, you (5) (listen) to me correctly! A farmer in the west of England now (6) (keep) sheep breeds on a regular basis, and over the past year more than 100,000 people (7) (climb) to see the procedure. I (8) (pass) the farm on my way to the sea for a
   vacation, a gambler told me, and I (9) (I think) would take a look. I (10) (no/believe) was serious, to tell you the truth. According to a regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting than betting on horses. In the right horse racing everyone (11) (already/study) the shape of the horses in
   advance, and there are clear favorites. But no one (12) (listens) to any of these Most people (13) (find it difficult to distinguish themselves from each other in any case. I (14) (stay) to watch the races, and I must admit (15) (find) quite exciting. In a typical breed, half of a sheep (16) (race)
   downhill on a course of about half a mile. Food (17) (wait) for them at the other end of the track, I must add! Sheep (18) (run) surprisingly fast, though presumably them (19) (not /eat) for a while just to give them a little motivation. In any case, the crowd around me (20) (obviously/enjoys)
   their day at the races, judging by their happy faces and the feeling of emotion.28GRAMMAR 5 CONSOLIDATION 12 Complete the second sentence so that it has a meaning similar to that of the first sentence, using the given word. Do not change the word given.a) This matter is none of
   your business.concern This matter, is of no concern / does not refer. you.b) This bridge will take us three years to complete, completedIn three years of time this bridge.c) When will the train arrive?supposedWhat to get here?d) Today is the thirtieth wedding anniversary of Liz and
   John.agoIn this married.e) To get to work on time, I have to get up at 6.00. meansHow much in time at 6.00.f) Whose is this?belongs to?g) Cathy hasn't been on vacation with her sister before.firstThis of vacation with your sister.h) My dental appointment is for next Wednesday.see If I have
   a Wednesday.i) This will be the team's first match in the Premier League.time This will be the first in the Premier League.j) The number of people who attended The fair exceeded our expectations.hadMore people expected.k) I did not receive the results of my test for a month.before It is the
   results of my test.1) Some books are missing from the library of the class.returnedVarios members of the class library. 29 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 In most lines of this text there is an extra word. Type the additional word or check if the line is correct. Our reporter, Sarah
   Hardie, is going to Otley Hall to experience a creepy weekend. There have been signs of paranormal activity at Otley Hall on several occasions 1 ... or /.. in the last 200 years. If the stories of headless hunters and mourning nuns 2 don't scare you, get this for a ghostly story: a young
   Victorian with 3 a silver dress emerges from the garden, walks through the front door, 4 whether it's going to be open or not, and walks up with a flashlight, 5 before disappearing into the library. If local folklore were to be believed, it does 6 this without fail at midnight on September 6 of each
   year, this is the 7th date of the untimely death of a certain George Carpenter, the gardener in the room, 8 who encountered his undoing in the library, had burned by his own lantern. Otley Hall 9 is located 3 miles north of the city of Rugby, England, and that is supposedly the 10 most
   haunted house in England, a claim few who have ever visited it 11 would contest. Even the approach to the Hall is not much a journey that must be 12 undertaken by the faint of heart; in a given an executioner emerges 13 of the trees, he was brandishing an axe, although it must be said that
   this practice of 14 ceases after September, when the Hall is closed to visitors. 15 Mine revealed nothing more mysterious than such tricks, 16 lay down for an ever-credit flow of tourists, the cameras were on their side, 17 eager to break their buttons at the first sign of anything, even remotely
   18 unexplained. But everything was having a lot of fun, and the ghostly labyrinth of '19 last day was fantastic, even if I never got to see George Carpenter. 20 4 Complete each sentence with an appropriate word. a) It's.. Ages.................. since I last ate a good Chinese meal. b) Interestingly I
   saw Bob quite a bit at the sports club. c) I loved you the first day I saw you! d) How long did you live in Inverness? e) I have to see anyone who can dance as well as Diana. f) Could you call me to get to the hotel so I don't worry? g) I promise to prepare everything at eight o'clock at the
   latest. h) I told Sue I'm done with my rehearsal. I) I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it'll be some time for Brian to come back. j) Sit here, will you? Your doctor will be with you30GRAMMAR 5 CONSOLIDATION 15 Put each verb in square brackets in an appropriate verb form. a) This
   is my new car. What.. you think................ do you think so? b) A: Who are you? B: What do you mean? I.............................................. (live) here. c) I can't find the car keys. What.............................................. (you/do) with them? d) I'm sorry I didn't fix the plug. I..............................................
   (means) to get to it, but I just haven't found the time. e) What ...................... (you/you/do) on Saturdays? f) I don't know what time we'll eat. That.............................................. (depends) when Helen gets here. g) I supported you at that time because
   .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (feel) that you were right. h) Peter could not understand what had been decided
   because too many people (talk) at the same time. i) Jean, I'm glad you finally came. I.............................................. (wait) that all day. Or Enclosed each verb in square brackets in an appropriate verb form. Ask hundreds of people what (1) they plan/are planning.... (plan) to make on a certain
   day in August next year, or the following year, and there (2) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (to be) only one answer. Whenever, of course,
   people who (3) ........................ (ask) (4) ............................... (belongs) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rock and Roll (5) ......................................................................................................................... (die) almost two decades ago, its fans (6)
   ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (know) every year since then outside your home in Memphis, Tennessee, to show respect for the singer
   who (7) .................... (love) so much. Fans such as Jean Thomas of Catford in south-east London. Jean (8) ................................................................................................................................................................... (visit) Gracelands, the house where Elvis (9)
   ......................................................................................................... (suffer) (suffer) fatal heart attack, twice in the last five years. The first time I (10) ........................... (borrowed) my mom's money, like me (11) ........................... (no/work) then. But two years ago I (12) ...........................
   (marrying) and since then I (13) .................... In my husband Chris' garage. Chris and I (14) .................... (go) together last year, and we (15) .................... (think) spend two or three months in the U.S. next year. I (16) .................... (always/wants) to visit some of the places where Elvis (17)
   ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (perform). Like Vegas, for example. Jean says that Elvis (18) ........................... (being) your obsession since (19) .................... (being) ten years
   old, and she (20) .................... Every one of his records, good and bad. 31ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 7 Place each verb in square brackets in an appropriate verb shape. a) Sam had not received......... (no/receive) the package the last time that
   ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (talk) to him. b) I
   ............................................................................................................................................................................ (consider) buy a house, but now
   .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (change) my mind. c) When ..................... (feel)
   hungry, room service (bring) whatever you want. d) I ..................................................................................................................................................................................... (find) difficult to convince the ticket inspector that
   ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. My ticket, but in the end he believed me. e) From I
   ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (being) a small child, I
   ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (die) to meet you. f) As soon as
   ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (they have) a look at the designs, I ..................... (sends) to you. You'll have them by Friday. g) Whatever it is
   ................................................................................................................... (happens), I .................... (meet) here in a week. h) The moment (finish) preparing, we
   ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. i) Sally! I.............................................. (no/wait) to see you here!
   What.............................................. (you/you/do) in New York? 8 Decide whether each underlined sentence is correct or not. If it is incorrect to rewrite the phrase. a) Are you going to see Rob Jones tomorrow? I wonder if I could give you a message from Sally Gordon?.. Right... b) I had a
   great time on the Greek islands. We rented a small boat and went fishing every day. .................................... c) Julie, hello! I was hoping to see you. I've got some good news! .................. d) We had a terrible time taking care of your He was constantly chasing the cats next door ... e) We had
   a great time in Madrid. Every day we were exploring the city, and at night we went to exciting bars ........................... f) The steam engine is generally regarded as a relatively modern invention, but the Greeks had built a kind of steam engine in ancient times
   .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. g) I was quite worried. It was getting darker and colder, and there were still no signs of the rescue helicopter ................. h) Don't worry! All we have
   to do is wait here until someone finds us. i) This meat is really tasting horrible! Are you sure it was fresh?32 Basic usefulness of theAgent Explanation and the InstrumentUse and not the person performing an action in a passive sentence is called the agent, mentioning the one introduced by.
   The agent may or may not be mentioned.agent My bag was found by one of the cleaners. A new road has been built. An object that makes something happen is called an instrument, introduced by. He was hit in the head with a hammer. Verbs with two objects Verbs that have two objects
   can be made passive in two ways. / a note was given to him. They gave me a note. Other common verbs of this type are: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, display, count verbs in order and complement Some verbs have a noun or adjective that describes their object. We
   chose Jim as class representative. Everyone considered it a failure. When these become passive, the add-in goes directly after the verb. Jim was elected class representative. It was considered a failure. Verbs that cannot be passive Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made
   passive: for example, driving is transitive because you can drive something (a car). However, some transitive verbs may not be used in passive verbs. These include: convert, fit (be the right size), get, have, miss, leave, like, look, suit. Non-object (intransitive) verbs cannot be passive: for
   example, the fall is intransitive, you cannot 'drop something'. Therefore, it is not possible to say that the tree was fallen.' Instead, the phrase must be active: The tree fell. Changing focus Passive can change the emphasis of a sentence. Jack won the award, (focus on Jack) The award was
   won by Jack, (focus on the award) 33ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Unknown Agent The Agent it is mentioned if it is unknown. My wallet's been taken away. In this case, it doesn't make sense to add an agent: 'for someone'. Generalized agent If the subject is people in general or
   you the agent is not mentioned. Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already referred, it is not mentioned. Linda's been arrested! (assumed by the police) The company agreed to our application and a new car park was
   opened. Unimportant agent If the agent is not important for the meaning of the phrase it is not mentioned. / you were advised to obtain a visa in Impersonality The use of passive is a way to avoid the name of a specific person who is responsible for an action. It has been decided to reduce
   all wages by 10%. In process descriptions, there is an emphasis on actions taken without more than on the people who perform them. The packages are then packed in twenty-four.34GRAMMAR 6 PASSIVE 1Correct boxes any verbal form that is impossible or inappropriate.a) A lot of
   houses in the area have been broken by thieves.b) While driving south, I could see that the old road was rebuilding.c) I guess the letter will have been delivered for now) There is nothing more annoying than being interrupted when you are talking) Jim was given the sack of his new jobf)
   Somehow without realizing my wallet had been disappeared.g) The new mall was opened by the local MRh) Many meetings have been held, but nothing has yet been decided.2 Both phrases in each pair have the same meaning. Complete the second sentence(a) The crowd was slowly
   filling the huge stadium. The huge stadium of the crowd.b) The inventor of the computer simplified the work of the meters. From the computer the work of the simplified counters.c) Someone has suggested that the store should close. It's just that the store should close.d) 'I'd take out travel
   insurance if I were you, Mr. Smith.'Mr. Smith taking out travel insurance.e) The waitress will bring her drinks in a moment. Your drinks in a moment.f) Someone used a knife to open the window. This window a knife.g) You will know about us when we have finished dealing with your
   complaint. After your complaint, you will hear from us.h) An announcement of your engagement appeared in the local newspaper. His engagement in the local newspaper.i) No one heard anything from David again. Nothing David again.j) They paid Sheila 1,000 pounds as a special
   bonus.1,000 Sheila as a special bonus. 35ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Rewrite each phrase in passive, omitting underlined words. a) Someone left the phone off the hook all night. b) The government has announced that gasoline prices will rise tomorrow. c) A thief broke into our
   house last week. d) People asked me the way three times. e) Fruit pickers pick apples early in the morning. f) It's time for the authorities to do something about it. g) Many people had parked their cars on the pavement. h) The government agreed with the report and therefore changed the
   law. i) You have to fill out an application form. j) They don't know what happened to the ship. 4 Place each verb in square brackets in an appropriate passive verb form. a) Boxes (not/package) yet. b) Your meal (still/preparation). c) The new ship (launch) next week. d) Luckily by the time we
   get there the paint (no/sell). e) We had to go from because our house (decorate). f) I'm afraid next week's meeting (cancel). g) If we don't hurry, all tickets (sell) by the time we get there. h) All main dishes (serve) with vegetables or At least that's what's written on the menu. (i) Hughes' second
   goal (score) in the 41st minute, j) The cathedral (construction) in the fourteenth century.36GRAMMAR 6 PASSIVE 15 Underline any use of the agent that is unnecessary. a) My jewels have been stolen by a thief! b) The authorities have decided that Wednesday will be a school holiday. c)
   Harry was pushed by someone standing next to him in the tail. d) Goods are transported by rail to our warehouse in the Midlands. e) Someone told me that you have a vacancy for a computer operator. f) Sue has been chosen by the selectors for the national event. g) The letter was mailed
   on 21 last month. h) The largest portrait was painted by a little-known Flemish artist. (i) Everyone has agreed that smoking should not be allowed, j) When arriving at the conference, one of the delegates gave me a note.6 Putting each verb in square brackets in an appropriate passive verb
   form.a) Nothing . (see) Pauline's car (find) abandoned near Newbury last week.b) As our new furniture (deliver) on Mondayvery I will have to stay home to check that (no/damage) during transit.c) The new Alhambra hatchback, that in this country (sell) under the name 'Challenger', (fit) with
   electric windows as standard.d) During the last days I (work) in Jack's office, as my own office (redecorate).e) (announce) that the proposed new office block (now/no/build) due to the current economic situation.f) A new major oil depot (discovery) in the North Sea. It is (think) that it will be
   almost double the size of the largest existing field.g) Photos of the surface of the planet Venus (receive) yesterday from the space probe 'Explorer' that (launch) last year.h) A large sum (increase) for the Fund for a concert of recent capacity, but the goal of 250,000 pounds (still / not /
   scope),i) There is no decision (make) on any future targetappoint up to all candidates (proper interview). 37 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence in a more formal style to contain a passive form of the capitalized word. a) I'm sorry, but we've lost your letter. MISLAY b)
   Police are questioning Harry at the station. QUESTION c) They have found the remains of an ancient Roman villa nearby. DISCOVER d) You will receive an increase in salary after six months. RAISE e) They stopped playing the game after half an hour. ABANDON f) Traffic stopped using
   the center. BAN g) They took Chris to court for driving dangerously. PROSECUTE h) You usually eat this type of fish with a white sauce. SERVE i) I don't know your name. ENTER or Enclosed each verb in square brackets in an appropriate active or passive verb form. Dear Mr. Patel, We
   are delighted to inform you that (1) (select) for a free holiday. As information, you (2) (answer) a telephone survey last month, as a result of which your name (3) (enter) in the holiday draw. Now our computer (4) (choose) your name, so you and your family (5) (invite) to spend a week a
   European destination of your choice. This offer (6) (brand) on the condition that you attend a day of special promotions with other lucky families in your region who (7) (offer) similar treatment. You (8) (ask) to attend any Saturday of next month at the Royal Hotel, Manchester. If you (9)
   (interest) in assisting and accepting this offer, please (10) (disassociate) the safeguard below and return it to us as soon as possible.38GRAMMAR 6 PASSIVE 19 Using the notes as a guide, please complete the email to all company staff. Place the verbs in square brackets in an
   appropriate passive verb shape. NOTES OF THE MANAGEMENT MEETING Tell the staff: We will test flexible hours for 3 months. After 3 months we will get the opinions of all the staff. We'll look at the comments and make a decision. We can try for another month. All workers will have to
   arrive from 8 to 9.30. We hope you like the idea! FROM: The Managing Director: All staff (decide) to adopt a three-month flexible hours system per atrial period. After this period (2)(elapse) all staff members (3) (consult) through their line manager, and comments (4) (search). Comments (5)
   (collect) and analyzed before adecision (6) (do) as to whether the system(7) (adopt) permanently or not. Alternatively, the trial period (8) (extend) for one more month. Allemployees (9) (required) to arrive between the hours of 8.00 and 9.30, and to leave after having fulfilled its contractual
   obligations of eight hours. It is (10) (hope) that esterango meets with your enthusiastic approval! 39Tener and get explanations something done,need to do • Have /do something This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else. Passive get I've just had / have my car
   repaired. I have/make it done every winter. Reporting verbs may also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone. We had/have our car broken down last month. Getting it is more likely to be used than when: (i) there is a sense that something needs to be done. / you really
   should get (have) my haircut. ii) there is a sense of finally achieving something. / finally we have (had) the car fixed in the fast service garage. (iii) in orders and imperatives. Cut your hair! Note that get should not be used in the current perfect passive, where it would be confused with have
   got. • The need to do a service can be described with need to be done. Your hair needs cutting. Get can be used instead of being to form the passive in spoken language. Martin was arrested at a football game. • Present reference With verbs such as believing, knowing, saying, thinking,
   informing people's opinions, passive construction is often used to avoid a weak topic, and to widespread opinion. With this reference, the passive is followed by the infinitive present. The criminal is believed to be hiding in the London area. Vitamin C is known to be good for treating colds. •
   Past reference With previous reference, the passive is followed by the infinitive past. Smith is believed to have left England last week. • Past Past verb If the notification verb is in the past, the infinitive past tends to follow, though not always if the verb is used. People thought Sue had paid
   too much. Sue was believed to have paid too much. Police thought the thief was still in the house. It was thought that the thief was still in the house.40GRAMMAR 7 PASSIVE 2Verbs with • Past reference with two objectsPrepositions In this case there are two ways to make a passive
   phrase. Everyone knows that the portrait was painted by an Italian.Commoncontexts The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian, for the passive • Continuous infinitive past and present infinitive continuous are also used. Mary is believed to live in Scotland. It is believed that the
   driver has been making a U-turn. • Finishing a sentence with a preposition It is possible to end a sentence with a preposition in a sentence where a prepositional verb becomes passive. Someone broke into our house. Our house was raided. • By and with With is used after participles such
   as full, full, full, overcrowded. The train was full of travelers. The difference between by and with may involve the presence of a person: Dave was hit by a branch, (an accident) Dave was hit with a branch, (one person hit him with one) • Doing is followed by when used in the passive. My
   boss made me work hard. My boss made me work hard. • Cover and verbs involving similar ideas, such as surrounding, decorating, you can use with or by. The cover can also be followed by in. The furniture was covered in dust. The living room had been decorated with flowery wallpaper. •
   Passive formality is probably more common in written English, where there tends to be less use of personal reference in some contexts, as the audience may be unknown. • Points mentioned in grammar 6 Passive is used to change the focus of prayer, to avoid widespread subjects, and to
   do impersonal action. It is common in process descriptions, and in scientific and technical language in general. 41 41
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