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  Aronoff,	Janie	Rees-Miller	Ebook	Download	Preface	Preface	to	the	First	Edition	List	of	Technical	Abbreviations	Language	Matters	Boxes	CHAPTER	1	Language:	a	preview		1	Specialization	for	Language		2	A	Creative	System		3	Grammar	and	Linguistic	Competence						3.1	Generality:	All	Languages	Have	a	Grammar						3.2	Parity:	All	Grammars	Are
  Equal						3.3	Universality:	Grammars	Are	Alike	in	Basic	Ways						3.4	Mutability:	Grammars	Change	over	Time						3.5	Inaccessibility:	Grammatical	Knowledge	Is	Subconscious			Summing	Up			Key	Terms			Recommended	Reading			Exercises	CHAPTER	2:	Phonetics:	the	sounds	of	language	1	Phonetic	Transcription						1.1	Units	of	Representation					
  1.2	Segments	2	The	Sound-Producing	System						2.1	Glottal	States	3	Sound	Classes						3.1	Vowels,	Consonants,	and	Glides	(Syllabic	and	Nonsyllabic	Elements)	4	Consonant	Articulation						4.1	The	Tongue						4.2	Places	of	Articulation	5	Manners	of	Articulation						5.1	Oral	versus	Nasal	Phones						5.2	Stops					5.3	Fricatives						5.4	Affricates						5.5	Voice
  Lag	and	Aspiration						5.6	Liquids						5.7	Syllabic	Liquids	and	Nasals					5.8	Glides	6	Vowels						6.1	Simple	Vowels	and	Diphthongs						6.2	Basic	Parameters	for	Describing	Vowels						6.3	Tense	and	Lax	Vowels	7	Phonetic	Transcription	of	American	English	Consonants	and	Vowels	8	Suprasegmentals						8.1	Pitch:	Tone	and	Intonation						8.2	Length					
  8.3	Stress	9	Speech	Production						9.1	Coarticulation						9.2	Articulatory	Processes						9.3	Some	Common	Articulatory	Processes	10	Other	Vowels	and	Consonants		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	3:	Phonology:	the	function	and	patterning	of	sounds	1	Segments	in	Contrast							1.1	Minimal	Pairs							1.2	Language-
  Specific	Contrasts	2	Phonetically	Conditioned	Variation:	Phonemes	and	Allophones							2.1	Complementary	Distribution							2.2	Phonemes	and	Allophones							2.3	Classes	and	Generalization	in	Phonology							2.4	English	Mid	Vowels	and	Glides							2.5	Language-Specific	Patterns	3	Phonetic	and	Phonemic	Transcription							3.1	Phonetic	and	Phonemic
  Inventories	4	Above	the	Segment:	Syllables							4.1	Defining	the	Syllable							4.2	Onset	Constraints	and	Phonotactics							4.3	Accidental	and	Systematic	Gaps							4.4	Setting	Up	Syllables							4.5	Syllabic	Phonology	5	Features							5.1	Why	We	Use	Features							5.2	Feature	Representations	6	Derivations	and	Rules							6.1	Derivations							6.2	Rule
  Application							6.3	The	Form	and	Notation	of	Rules							6.4	Processes	and	Rules:	A	Last	Word		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Appendix:	Hints	for	Solving	Phonology	Problems		Exercises	CHAPTER	4:	Morphology:	the	analysis	of	word	structure	1	Words	and	Word	Structure							1.1	Morphemes							1.2	Analyzing	Word	Structure	2
  Derivation							2.1	Some	English	Derivational	Affixes							2.2	Two	Classes	of	Derivational	Affixes	3	Compounding							3.1	Properties	of	Compounds							3.2	Endocentric	and	Exocentric	Compounds							3.3	Compounds	in	Other	Languages	4	Inflection							4.1	Inflection	in	English							4.2	Inflection	versus	Derivation							4.3	Other	Inflectional	Phenomena	5
  Other	Morphological	Phenomena							5.1	Processes	Primarily	Related	to	Inflection							5.2	Other	Processes	6	Morphophonemics		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Appendix:	How	to	Identify	Morphemes	in	Unfamiliar	Languages		Exercises	CHAPTER	5		Syntax:	the	analysis	of	sentence	structure	1	Categories	and	Structure						
  1.1	Categories	of	Words							1.2	Phrase	Structure							1.3	Sentences							1.4	Tests	for	Phrase	Structure	2	Complement	Options							2.1	Complement	Options	for	Verbs							2.2	Complement	Options	for	Other	Categories							2.3	Complement	Clauses	3	Move							3.1	Yes-No	Questions							3.2	Deep	Structure	and	Surface	Structure							3.3	Do	Insertion						
  3.4	Wh	Movement	4	Universal	Grammar	and	Parametric	Variation							4.1	Verb	Raising5		Some	Additional	Structures							5.1	Coordination							5.2	Modifiers							5.3	Passives		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Appendix:	How	to	Build	Tree	Structures		Exercises	CHAPTER	6	Semantics:	the	analysis	of	meaning	1	The	Nature	of
  Meaning							1.1	Semantic	Relations	among	Words							1.2	Semantic	Relations	Involving	Sentences							1.3	What	Is	Meaning?	2	The	Conceptual	System							2.1	Fuzzy	Concepts							2.2	Metaphor							2.3	The	Lexicalization	of	Concepts							2.4	Grammatical	Concepts	3	Syntax	and	Sentence	Interpretation							3.1	Constructional	Meaning							3.2	Structural
  Ambiguity							3.3	Thematic	Roles							3.4	The	Interpretation	of	Pronouns	4	Other	Factors	in	Sentence	Interpretation							4.1	The	Role	of	Beliefs	and	Attitudes							4.2	Setting							4.3	Discourse							4.4	Grice’s	Conversational	Maxims		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	7	Historical	linguistics:	the	study	of	language
  change	1	The	Nature	of	Language	Change							1.1	Systematicity	of	Language	Change							1.2	Causes	of	Language	Change	2	Sound	Change							2.1	Sequential	Change							2.2	Segmental	Change							2.3	Auditorily	Based	Change							2.4	Phonetic	versus	Phonological	Change							.5	Explaining	Phonological	Shift	3	Morphological	Change							3.1	Addition	of
  Affixes							3.2	Loss	of	Affixes							3.3	From	Synthetic	to	Analytic	to	Synthetic							3.4	Analogy							3.5	Reanalysis	4	Syntactic	Change							4.1	Word	Order							4.2	Inversion	in	the	History	of	English	5	Lexical	and	Semantic	Change							5.1	Addition	of	Lexical	Items							5.2	Loss	of	Lexical	Items							5.3	Semantic	Change	6	The	Spread	of	Change						
  6.1	Diffusion	through	the	Language							6.2	Spread	through	the	Population	7	Language	Reconstruction							7.1	Comparative	Reconstruction							7.2	Techniques	of	Reconstruction							7.3	The	Discovery	of	Indo-European	8	Language	Change	and	Naturalness		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	8	The	classification	of
  languages	1	Some	Preliminaries							1.1	Dialect	and	Language							1.2	Types	of	Classification	2	Typological	Classification							2.1	Phonology							2.2	Morphology							2.3	Syntax							2.4	Explaining	Universals	3	Genetic	Classification							3.1	The	Indo-European	Family							3.2	Some	Other	Families							3.3	Language	Phyla		Summing	Up		Key
  Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	9	First	language	acquisition	1	The	Study	of	Language	Acquisition							1.1	Methods	2	Phonological	Development							2.1	Babbling							2.2	Developmental	Order							2.3	Early	Phonetic	Processes	3	Vocabulary	Development						3.1	Strategies	for	Acquiring	Word	Meaning							3.2	Meaning	Errors	4
  Morphological	Development							4.1	Overgeneralization							4.2	A	Developmental	Sequence							4.3	Word	Formation	Processes	5	Syntactic	Development							5.1	The	One-Word	Stage							5.2	The	Two-Word	Stage							5.3	The	Telegraphic	Stage							5.4	Later	Development							5.5	The	Interpretation	of	Sentence	Structure	6	What	Makes	Language
  Acquisition	Possible?							6.1	The	Role	of	Adult	Speech							6.2	The	Role	of	Feedback							6.3	The	Role	of	Cognitive	Development							6.4	The	Role	of	Inborn	Knowledge							6.5	Is	There	a	Critical	Period?		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	10	Second	language	acquisition	1	The	Study	of	Second	Language
  Acquisition							1.1	The	Role	of	the	First	Language							1.2	The	Nature	of	an	Interlanguage							1.3	The	Final	State							1.4	Variation	in	Performance	2	Interlanguage	Grammars							2.1	L2	Phonology							2.2	L2	Syntax							2.3	L2	Morphology							2.4	Morphology	and	Syntax	3	Factors	Affecting	SLA							3.1	Age							3.2	Individual	Differences	4	The	L2
  Classroom							4.1	Modified	Input							4.2	Modified	Interaction							4.3	Focus	on	Form							4.4	Education	in	a	Bilingual	Environment		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	11	Psycholinguistics:	the	study	of	language	processing	1	Methods	of	Psycholinguistic	Research							1.1	Slips	of	the	Tongue							1.2	Experimental
  Methods:	Words	in	the	Mind							1.3	Experimental	Methods:	Sentence	Processing							1.4	Brain	Activity:	Event-Related	Potentials							1.5	Language	Corpora	and	Databases	in	Psycholinguistic	Research	2	Language	Processing	and	Linguistics							2.1	Phonetics	and	Phonology							2.2	Morphological	Processing							2.3	Syntax	3	Putting	It	All	Together:
  Psycholinguistic	Modeling							3.1	The	Use	of	Metaphors	in	Psycholinguistic	Modeling							3.2	Which	Model	Is	Right?		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	12	Brain	and	language	1	The	Human	Brain							1.1	The	Cerebral	Cortex							1.2	The	Cerebral	Hemispheres							1.3	The	Lobes	of	the	Cortex	2	Investigating	the
  Brain							2.1	Autopsy	Studies							2.2	Images	of	the	Living	Brain							2.3	Learning	from	Hemispheric	Connections	and	Disconnections	3	Aphasia							3.1	Nonfluent	Aphasia							3.2	Fluent	Aphasia	4	Acquired	Dyslexia	and	Dysgraphia							4.1	Reading	and	Writing	Disturbances	in	Aphasia							4.2	Acquired	Dyslexia	as	the	Dominant	Language	Deficit	5
  Linguistic	Theory	and	Aphasia							5.1	Features,	Rules,	and	Underlying	Forms							5.2	Agrammatism							5.3	Function	Words							5.4	The	Loss	of	Syntactic	Competence							5.5	Agrammatism	in	Other	Languages							5.6	Language	in	the	Brain:	What’s	Where?		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	13	Language	in	social
  contexts	1	Language	Variation	and	Social	Distinctions	2	Place							2.1	Regional	Variation	in	Lexical	Items							2.2	Regional	Variation	in	Phonology							2.3	Regional	Differences	in	Morphology	and	Syntax	3	Time	4	Isolation							4.1	Physical	Isolation:	The	Case	of	Smith	Island							4.2	Linguistic	Isolation:	The	Case	of	Quebec	French							4.3	Social	Isolation:
  The	Case	of	Urban	African	American	English	5	Contact							5.1	Code-Switching	and	Borrowing							5.2	Contact	Languages:	Mixed	Languages,	Lingua	Francas,	Pidgins,	and	Creoles	6	Distinctions	within	a	Community:	Class,	Ethnicity,	and	Gender							6.1	Class							6.2	Ethnicity:	The	Case	of	African	American	English							6.3	Gender							6.4	Situation-
  Specific	Factors	7	Social	Interaction	and	Language							7.1	Ethnography	of	Communication							7.2	Solidarity	and	Power	8	How	Societies	Deal	with	Language		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises		CHAPTER	14	Writing	and	language	1	Types	of	Writing							1.1	Logographic	Writing							1.2	Phonographic	Writing	2	The	Early
  History	of	Writing							2.1	Prewriting							2.2	Pictograms	3	The	Development	of	Writing							3.1	Rebuses							3.2	Toward	Syllabic	Writing							3.3	Another	Middle	Eastern	Writing	System:	Hieroglyphs							3.4	The	Emergence	of	Alphabets	4	Some	Non-European	Writing	Systems							4.1	Chinese	Writing							4.2	Japanese	Writing							4.3	Korean	Writing						
  4.4	Cherokee	Writing	5	English	Orthography							5.1	Irregularities							5.2	Obstacles	to	Reform	6	Writing	and	Reading		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises	CHAPTER	15	Indigenous	languages	of	North	America	1	Origin	and	Classification							1.1	Ultimate	Origins							1.2	Historical	Relationships	in	North	America	2	Phonetics	and
  Phonology							2.1	Velar,	Uvular,	and	Pharyngeal	Articulations							2.2	Lateral	Fricatives							2.3	Glottalized	Stops	and	Affricates	(Ejectives)							2.4	Vowels	and	Suprasegmental	Features							2.5	Sounds	Not	Frequently	Found	3	Morphology	and	Syntax							3.1	The	Structure	of	Words							3.2	Grammatical	Categories							3.3	Pronominal	Systems						
  3.4	Noun	Classification	4	The	Future	of	Indigenous	North	American	Languages		Summing	Up		Key	Terms	Recommended	ReadingCHAPTER	16	Sign	Languages	[online	only]1	Phonology							1.1	Formational	Elements							1.2	Combining	Formational	Elements							1.3	Prosody	2	Morphology							2.1	Word	Formation							2.2	Verb	Agreement						
  2.3	Classifier	Constructions3	Syntax							3.1	Recursion							3.2	Word	Order							3.3	Sign	Language	and	Universal	Grammar	4	Language	as	an	Art	Form:	Sign	Language	Poetry	5	New	Sign	Languages		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	ReadingCHAPTER	17		Animal	communication			[online	only]	1	Non-vocal	communication2	Communication
  structure:	the	study	of	signs						2.1	Signs						2.2	The	types	of	signs						2.3	Sign	structure						2.4	A	view	of	animal	communication3	The	bees						3.1	The	system						3.1	Bees	and	humans4	The	birds						4.1	Bird	vocalization						4.2	Birds	and	humans5	Non-human	primates						5.1	Some	functions	of	non-human	primate	communication						5.2	Prosimian
  communication						5.3	Monkeys						5.4	Gibbons,	orangutans,	chimpanzees6	Testing	non-human	primates	for	linguistic	ability						6.1	Some	experiments						6.2	Non-signing	experiments						6.3	The	Clever	Hans	controversy						6.4	The	great	ape	debate						6.5	Implications7	Comparing	communication	systems:	design	features						7.1	The
  features	Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		ExercisesCHAPTER	18	Computational	linguistics	[online	only]1	Computational	Phonetics	and	Phonology							1.1	The	Talking	Machine:	Speech	Synthesis							1.2	Speech	Recognition	2	Computational	Morphology							2.1	Morphological	Processes							2.2	Some	Problems	in	Computational
  Morphology	3	Computational	Syntax							3.1	Data	and	Resources							3.2	Natural	Language	Analysis							3.3	Natural	Language	Generation							3.4	The	Role	of	Syntax	and	Semantics	4	Computational	Lexicography	5	Computational	Semantics	6	Pragmatics							6.1	Reference	Resolution							6.2	Discourse	Markers							6.3	Spoken	Dialogue	7	Applications	of
  Computational	Linguistics							7.1	Indexing	and	Concordances							7.2	Question	Answering							7.3	Automatic	Summarization							7.4	Machine	Translation							7.5	Spoken-Dialogue	Systems		Summing	Up		Key	Terms		Recommended	Reading		Exercises