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43
Nur,A Comparative Study Between English and Spanish Grammar
A COMPARATIVE STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SPANISH GRAMMAR
MuhammadNur
Universitas Islam Darul Ulum (UNISDA) Lamongan
Hp. 085850482935 Pos-el. Mhdnur19@yahoo.com.
Abstract: This research is a descriptive one that tries to find the differences and
similarities between English and Spanish grammar. The data of this research are the
English and Spanish grammar. The sources of the data are English and Spanish printed
texts in the form of books, magazines, newspapers, etc. The data are collected by using
jotting down technique. Then, the data are analyzed by using the model suggested by
Mile and Huberman. The model is called interactive model. This model has three steps.
They are as follows: (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion drawing.
Keywords:comparative, English, Spanish, grammar
Abstrak: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif yang mencoba menemukan
perbedaan dan kesamaan antara tata bahasa bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Spanyol. Data
penelitian ini adalah tata bahasa bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Spanyol. Sumber data
adalah teks cetak dalam bentuk buku, majalah, surat kabar, dan lain-lain. Data
dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik catat. Kemudian, data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan model yang disarankan Mile dan Huberman. Model ini disebut model
interaktif. Model ini mempunyai tiga langkah, yaitu: (1) reduksi data, (2) penyajian
data, dan (3) penarikan simpulan.
Kata kunci: komparatif, bahasa Inggris, bahasa Spanyol, tata bahasa
INTRODUCTION world. In the sixteenth century, however,
Richards (1986:1) says that it has French, Italian, and English gained in
been estimated that some sixty percent of importance as a result of political
todays world population is multilingual. changes in Europe, and Latin gradually
Both from a contemporary and historical became displaced as a language of
perspective, bilingualism or spoken and written communication.
multilingualism is the norm rather than While it is the case that even
the exception. It is fair, then, to say that speakers of a single language control
throughout history foreign language various styles and levels of the language,
learning has always been an important it is very common that many people
practical concern. Whereas today English develop some knowledge and ability in a
is the worlds most widely studied second language and so become
foreign language, five hundred years ago bilingual. The simplest definition of a
it was Latin, for it was the dominant bilingual is a person who has some
language of education, commerce, functional ability in a second language.
religion, and government in the Western This may vary from a limited ability in
44
BASTRA, Vol. 2, No. 1, Juni 2015
one or more domains, to very strong addition to Dutch. Even in the United
command of both languages, which is States, whose inhabitants are notoriously
sometimes called balanced bilingualism. unconcerned about languages other than
Bilingualism as a concept has open- English, about 10% of the residents
ended semantics. Definitions are usually speak at least one language in
numerous and are continually being addition to English in the course of their
preferred without any real sense of daily lives (National Center for
progress. If we turn to just a few Education Statistics, 1978).
definition their inadequacies immediately In business affairs foreign language
become apparent. For example, the needs loom large. Economic futurists say
definition of bilingualism proposed by that knowledge of a foreign language
Bloomfield (1935 55-6) creates a clear will be among the most sought after
contradiction between what is said in the skills for business people from the 1980's
first sentence and that of in the last on into the twenty-first century. A 1979
sentence. editorial by Grace Hechinger of The
“in…cases where … perfect foreign- New York Times reminded American
language learning is not accompanied by business people that most Japanese
loss of the native language, it results in merchants bring fluent English to their
bilingualism, native-like control of two transactions in the United States.
languages. After early childhood few Americans doing business in Japan, on
people have enough muscular and
nervous freedom or enough opportunity the other hand, are often encumbered
and leisure to reach perfection in foreign with the need for translators. This,
language yet bilingualism of this kind is according to Hechinger, may be one
commoner than one might suppose, both reason that Japanese companies are so
in cases like often more successful in the United
English and Spanish are two States than American companies are in
internationally spoken languages which Japan.
are used in many countries. Therefore, it This research focuses on the
is necessary to have a research that comparison between English and
describe the differences and similarities Spanish grammar. It is intended to
between the two languages. identify the similarities and differences
Dulay (1982: 9) said that over a between English and Spanish grammar.
billion people in the world speak more This research is hoped to be one of the
than one language fluently. In the references on the comparison between
Philippines, for example, many people the two internationally-spoken
must speak three languages if they are to languages.
engage fully in their community's social RESEARCH METHOD
affairs. They must speak the national Nancy Chism (in Moleong, 1990:
language, Filipino; one of the eighty- 236) says that the research design is the
seven local vernaculars; and English or strategy used to collect and analyze the
Spanish. In small countries, such as the data which the researcher needs to solve.
Netherlands or Israel, most children are Descriptive research is used in literal
required to study at least one foreign sense of describing situations or events. It
language in school, and sometimes is the accumulation of a data base that is
several. Most adults in the Netherlands solely descriptive- it does not necessarily
speak German, French, and English in
45
Nur,A Comparative Study Between English and Spanish Grammar
seek or explain relationship, test speak two languages are called bilingual,
hypothesis, make predictions, or get at although there is no reason why the term
meanings and implications, although multilingual cannot be applied to all
research aimed at these more powerful persons speaking more than one
purposes may incorporate descriptive language. It is a moot point whether there
methods. One of the purposes of the is a qualitative rather than a mere
descriptive research is to collect detailed quantitative difference between the
factual information that describes speakers of two languages and those who
existing phenomena. The descriptive speak more than two.
method is a method used to describe and It is rare to find an individual in any
interpret what is observed by the society who speaks more than one
researcher. language with native-like fluency. Halliday
The data of this research are the (1968:140) calls such a speaker, who has
English and Spanish grammar The completely mastered two languages and
sources of the data are English and makes use of both in all situations,
Spanish printed texts in the form of ambilingual. Most bilingual people restrict
books, magazines, etc. To obtain the data, one of their languages to certain uses. One
the researcher uses the jotting down tends to predominate. Halliday
technique. furthermore considers any language
To analyze the data the researcher learned by a child before school age as a
uses the model suggested by Mile and native language, so it is possible to have
Huberman (in Sugiyono, 2010: 336). The more than one native language. An
model is called interactive model. This interesting fact is that native bilinguals,
model has three steps. They are as including ambilinguals, ordinarily cannot
follows: (1) data reduction, (2) data translate between their native languages,
display, and (3) conclusion drawing. although they can learn to do so.
When the data are read from the Since almost all bilingualism is
printed texts, the researcher reduces the asymmetrical, the question can be raised:
data. The data that are necessary are How asymmetrical can a person's control
taken and written down on the data cards; of two languages be, such that we can still
the unnecessary data are not written classify the person as bilingual? There is
down. And then, the data are arranged in no unanimous agreement among scholars
accordance with the categories. The data on this issue, although perhaps the most
are commented. Sugiyono (2010: 341) widely accepted definition of a bilingual is
said that the most frequent form of a person who can produce spontaneous
display data for qualitative research data meaningful utterances in two languages.
in the past has been narrative text. Such a minimal definition may appear to
be too generous in classifying persons as
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION bilingual, but it is a sociolinguistically
Penalosa (1981: 109) said that one relevant one. Any case where there is a
of the most widespread and most person producing spontaneous
interesting of all sociolinguistic meaningful utterances in more than, one
phenomena is multilingualism. In many language, there is potentially a
societies of the world, we find large sociologically interesting situation.
numbers of people who speak more than Francis (1958) says that the term
one language. Generally, those who grammar is a word in the general
46
BASTRA, Vol. 2, No. 1, Juni 2015
vocabulary, which means that it is used words like to go, to run, to see, to move.
not only by linguistic specialists and The Spanish infinitives are identified by
students but also by many people whose the “r” ending. This ending can be seen
knowledge of the subject is relatively in the following infinitives: necesitar =
sketchy, inaccurate, or even erroneous. to need, amar (to love), practicar (to
Milroy and Milroy (1985:70) says that practice), aprender (to learn), beber (to
grammar, in the popular sense (and this is drink), comer (to eat), abrir (to open),
based on the standard ideology), is admitir (to admit).
believed to consist of a number of rules From the infinitives above it can be
that are imposed on usage from outside, seen the infinitives in Spanish end with
for example by some authority on “r”.
correctness. These rules are largely a set
of prohibitions against particular Present Tense of English and Spanish
expressions (such as different to) that are In English simple present tense is
recurrent and persistent. The grammar of used to indicate habitual action, natural
a language or dialect is actually action and repeated action. Verbs other
something much more wide-ranging than than be have two forms in the simple
this. It is a complex and abstract system present tense a simple form and an-s
inherent in the language and not imposed form. The –s form is used with third
by overt prescription. All native speakers person singular subjects (he, she, it, John,
have implicit knowledge of the grammar Mary, the book, etc.) Otherwise, the
of English : it is this knowledge that simple form is used.
enables speakers to use and understand All Spanish verbs are “regular” and
their languages. “irregular.” Spanish verbs undergo
Fromkin (2000:7) says that conjugation. Conjugation is the change of
linguistic knowledge as represented in the verbs. The verbs in Spanish change in
speakers mind is called grammar. A accordance with the pronouns that serve
grammar includes everything one knows as the subject of a sentence. Here is the
about the structure of ones language – its complete list of Spanish subject
lexicon (the structure of words), its syntax pronouns.
(the structure of phrases and sentences Singular: yo (I), tu (you familiar), usted
and the constraints on well-formedness of (you formal), el (he), ella (she)
sentences), its semantics (the meaning of Plural: nosotros/as (we), vosotros/as
words and sentences) and its phonetics (you-all familiar), ustedes (you-all
and phonology (the sound and the sound formal), ellas (they/feminine), ellos
system or patterns). Alwasilah (1993) (they/masculine).
says that grammar deals with morphology When one of the pronouns above is
and syntax. used as a subject of a sentence, verb
conjugates. The conjugation can be seen
THE DIFFERENCESAND in the following
SIMILARITIESBETWEEN Yo hablo = I speak
ENGLISH AND SPANISH Tu hablas = You speak
GRAMMAR El habla = He speaks
Infinitives in English and Spanish Ella habla = She speaks
A verb in the purest form is called Vosotros/as hablais = You-all
an infinitive. The infinities in English are (familiar) speak
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