Individual Differences
          Individual Differences
     
 Up to this point we have been looking at general 
     
 Up to this point we have been looking at general 
      characteristics of human behavior that apply 
      characteristics of human behavior that apply 
      pretty much to everyone
      pretty much to everyone
     
 Now we want to look at how individuals differ 
     
 Now we want to look at how individuals differ 
      from one another in their characteristics and 
      from one another in their characteristics and 
      behavior
      behavior
     
 Individual differences are commonly broken 
     
 Individual differences are commonly broken 
      down into two categories
      down into two categories
       
 Abilities
       
 Abilities
       
 Personality
       
 Personality
     
 Both kinds of individual differences are often 
     
 Both kinds of individual differences are often 
      studied by making use of psychological tests
      studied by making use of psychological tests
                What is Personality?
                What is Personality?
       
 People differ from       
 People seem to show 
       
 People differ from       
 People seem to show 
         each other in              some consistency in 
         each other in              some consistency in 
         meaningful ways            behavior
         meaningful ways            behavior
                   Personality is defined as distinctive 
                   Personality is defined as distinctive 
                   and relatively enduring ways of 
                   and relatively enduring ways of 
                   thinking, feeling, and acting
                   thinking, feeling, and acting
                       Galen’s Theory of 
                       Galen’s Theory of 
                           Temperament
                           Temperament
                MELANCHOLIC                        CHOLERIC
                MELANCHOLIC                        CHOLERIC
              Excess of Black Bile            Excess of Yellow Bile
              Excess of Black Bile            Excess of Yellow Bile
            Sad, Depressed, Anxious         Angry, Assertive, Quick to 
            Sad, Depressed, Anxious         Angry, Assertive, Quick to 
                                                      Action 
                                                      Action 
                 PHLEGMATIC                        SANGUINE
                 PHLEGMATIC                        SANGUINE
               Excess of Phlegm                  Excess of Blood
               Excess of Phlegm                  Excess of Blood
         Calm, Lethargic, Slow to Action  Warm, Optimistic, Easy-Going
         Calm, Lethargic, Slow to Action  Warm, Optimistic, Easy-Going
   The 4 Basic Personality Types
   The 4 Basic Personality Types